INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE

DESIGN:* SDLC
* DDLC
* SSAD
* SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT COST
* DATABASE DESIGN
* AUTOMATED DESIGN TOOLS

SOFTWARE
(SDLC):-

DEVELOPMENT

LIFE

CYCLE

It is a proper engineering framework that

is
essential
for
developing
reliable,
maintainable and cost effective application
and other software.
It start with concept exploration and end
when the product is finally retired.
From the start to the end the product
goes through a series of phases and finally
retires.

1) Requirements Phase (or Concept) phase

2) Specification Phase
3) Planning phase
4) Design Phase
5) Programming (or Coding or Implementation)
Phase
6) Integration (or Testing) Phase
7) Maintenance Phase
8) Retirement Phase

Requirements (or Concept) Phase:It is in which the concept is explored and

refined.
The clients
analysed.

requirements

are

also

Specification Phase:It is in which the clients requirements

are presented in the form of specification
document.

Planning Phase:It is in which a plan (software Project

Management Plan), is drawn up.
Design Phase:It undergoes two consecutive design
process.
1) Global Design phase (modules)
2) Detailed Design phase (design of
each
Module)

Programming (or Coding or

Implementation) Phase:It is in which the various modules (or
components) of the software are coded in
a specific computer programming
language.
Integration (or Testing) Phase:It is in which components are tested
individually and combined and then tested
as a whole.

Maintenance Phase:It is in which all corrective maintenance

is done.
Retirement Phase:It is in which the software product is
removed from the service.

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT COST

dev.cost
3%4%2%

67%

6%
5%
7%
6%

Requireme
nts
Specificatio
n
Planning
Desing
Module
Coding
Module
Testing
Integration
Testing

STRUCTURED SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN (SSAD)
It is a software engineering approach to
the specification, design, construction,
testing and maintenance of software for
maximizing
the
reliability
and
maintainability of the system as well as for
reducing the software life-cycle costs.
Two approaches are considered and used.
1) Structured System Analysis

The following steps are involved in

structured analysis:Step 1:Draw the Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
Step 2:Put in the details of data flow
Step 3:Define the logic of processesses
Step 4:Define data Store

Step 5:Define the physical resources

Step 6:Determine the input/output
specifications
Step 7:Perform Sizing
Step 8:Determine the hardware requirements

Structured Design:It is a specific approach to the design

process that results in small, independent,
black-box modules, arranged in a hierarchy
in a top-down fashion.
It uses the following tools to build the
systems specifications document:
1) Cohesion
2) Coupling
3) Data flow analysis

Cohesion of a component is a measure of

how well it fits together.
It performs a single task within a software
procedure.
It requires little interaction with procedures
being performed in other parts of a
program.
It is the degree of interaction between two
modules.

Coupling is a measure of interconnections

among modules in software.
It is the degree of interaction between two
software modules.
It has high degree of coupling.

Data Flow Analysis (DFA) is a design

method of achieving software modules
with high cohesion.
It can be used in conjunction with most
specification methods, such as structured
system analysis.
The input to DFA is a Data Flow Diagram
(DFD).

DATABASE DEVELOPMENT LIFE

CYCLE:It is a process of designing,
implementing and maintaining a database
system to meet strategic or operational
information needs of an organization or
enterprise such as
1) Improved Customer support and
customer
Satisfaction.
2) Better Production management
3) Better inventory management

The following are the various stages of

database development life cycle (DDLC) and
include the following steps.
1)
Feasibility Study and requirement
analysis
2) Database implementation
3) Data and application conversion
4) Testing and validation
5) Monitoring and maintenance

Feasibility
study and
requrieme
nt
analysis
Monitoring
and
Maintenan
ce

Testing
and
Validati
on

Databa
se
Design

Database
Implementati
on
Data and
Applicati
on
Conversi
on

DATABASE DESIGN:It is a process of designing the logical and

physical structure of one or more
databases.
There are many approaches to the design
of a database .
1)
2)
3)
4)

Bottom-up approach
Top-down approach
Inside-out approach
Mixed strategy approach

Bottom up database approach:It starts at the fundamental level of

attributes (or abstractions)
It starts with properties of entities and
relationships.
It them combines and forms into group of
relations that represent types of entities and
relationships between entities.

Top-down database design approach:It starts with the development of data

models (or schemas)
It
contains
high-level
(entities and relationships).

abstractions

Then
the
successive
top
down
refinements are applied to identify lower
level entities,
relationships,
and the
associated attributes.

Inside-out database design approach:It starts with the identification of set of

major entities
It then spreads out to consider other
entities, relationships and attributes
associated with those first identified.
It is a special case of bottom-up
approach.

Mixed
Strategy
approach:-

database

design

It uses both the bottom-up and top-down

approach.
The
requirements
are
partitioned
according to a top-down approach
Part of the schema is designed for each
partition according to a bottom-up approach.
Then all the schema parts are combined

The following are the phases involved in

the good database design.
1) Data requirements collection and
analysis
2) Conceptual database design
3) DBMS selection
4) Logical database design
5) Physical database design
6) Prototyping

AUTOMATED DESIGN TOOLS:The overall database design activity has

to undergo a systematic process called
design methodology.
In the early days it was done manually
by the experienced and knowledgeable
database designers.

Limitations
Design:-

of

Manual

Database

1)
Difficulty in dealing with the
increased number of alternative design to
model the same information and more
complex data in terms of relationships and
constraints.
2) Making the task of managing manual
designs almost impossible for ever
increasing size of the databases, their
entity types and relationship types.

COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING (CASE) TOOLS:The limitations gave rise to CASE.
They are the software that provides
automated support for some portion of the
system development process.
They help the DBA.
They help the designer to draw the data
models using E-R diagrams.

CASE tools may be categorized into the

following three application levels to
automate various stages of development
life-cycle.
1) Upper-CASE tools
2) Lower-CASE tools.
3) Integrated-CASE tools.

Upper-CASE tools support the initial stages

of DDLC, i.e. from feasibility study and
requirement analysis through the database
design.
Lower-CASE tools support the later stages of
DDLC, i.e. from database implementation
through testing, to monitoring and
maintenance.
Integrated-CASE tools support all stages of
the DDLC and provides the functionality of
both Upper-CASE and Lower-CASE in one
tool.

Facilities provided by the CASE

tools:1) Create a data dictionary to store
information
2) Design tools to support data
analysis
3) Tools to permit development of the
corporate data model and the
conceptual and logical data models.

4) To help in drawing conceptual schema

diagram using entity-relationship .
5) Generate schemas (or codes) in SQL
DDL for mapping and implementing
algorithms.
6) Decomposition and Normalization.
7) Indexing
8) Tools
to
enable
applications.

prototyping

of