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Reactions
Exergonic reaction release of free
energy. Spontaneous
Endergonic require free energy from
outside
Metabolism
The key to survival
The total of all the life activities required to
sustain life.
Each process is chemical (metabolic) in
nature
Anabolism is a constructive activity
Catabolism is a destructive process
Homeostasis
The key to the quality of life
Life functions are carried out in an
integrated way that results in the
maintenance of a stable internal
environment (internal dynamic equilibrium)
This maintenance is known as
homeostasis
Water
Polar. Solvent.
Density highest at 4oC. Leads to fall & spring
overturn.
High heat of vaporization
Water absorbs heat in phase change
Lab 1 Cont.
Adding sugar to the distilled water
decreases the water potential there.
Water potential is represented by psi
= p + pi symbol
At equilibrium the pressure (turgor) of the
cell wall will balance out the negative
potential of the solutes out of the cell.
pH etc
pH scale is used to show relative amounts of H+
and OH- ions
pH of 7 = neutral (equal amounts of H+ and OHions)
Acid (pH 0-7) a compound that dissolves in
water to yield H+; a proton donor
Base (pH 7-14) a compound that dissolves in
water to yield OH-; a proton acceptor
pH = 1/ log[H+] = -log[H+]
Organic Compounds
Contain both the elements carbon and
hydrogen
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (sugars and starches)
Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes)
Proteins (functional and structural)
Nucleic Acids (RNA and DNA)
Carbohydrates
Consist of C, H, and O (2:1 ratio)
Monomer monosaccharide
Pentose sugar has 5 carbons
Protein
- Monomers are amino acids
Nucelic Acid
Monomers are nucelotides
(sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base)
Proteins
Monomer amino acids
20 commonly found
4 levels of structure
Primary structure
Number, type, and sequence of amino acids
Secondary Structure
Due to hydrogen bonding
A twist: alpha helix, or pleat: beta pleat
Tertiary Structure
3D folding pattern due to interactions between the amino acids
and their various charges
Quaternary
The way two or more folded subunits fit together (hemoglobin
structure)
Enzymes
Organic Catalysts
Protein nature all enzymes are either all protein or protein with non-protein
parts known as coenzymes. Coenzymes are often vitamins.
Active site Enzyme molecules are usually much larger than the molecule
they interact with.
Enzyme substrate complex with induced fit.
Factors influencing enzyme action
Temperature:
In general as temperature increases, action increases
Most efficient temperature is optimum temperature
At high temperature enzyme denatures
pH:
Ranges and optimums differ
10
60
0.17 umoles/sec
DNA
In Progress
DNA Replication
1. Start at origins
2. DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides
3. Nucleotides are only added to the 3 end.
Grows in the 5 to 3 direction.
4. Have a leading strand and a lagging strand.
5. DNA ligase joins the lagging or Okazaki
fragments together.
6. Chains must be started with an RNA primer
added by the enzyme primase.
Bacteria
Big ring of DNAone circular
chromosome
The little ring
of DNA is a
plasmid.
We could tell if our transformation worked because we grew the bacteria on plates
full of ampicillin. They could only grow there if they contained the plasmid with the
antibiotic gene (therefore the plasmid). If the sugar arabinose was present it
turned on the gene which made the glow in the dark protein.
Positive Control LB+ Negative Control LB/Amp- (+ or the plasmid)
Eco RI
HIND III
No Enzyme
Distance Cm
Plot
the
known,
say
HIND
III
line).
Respiration
1.
2.
3.
4.
Respiration (Cellular)
1.
2.
Occurs in mitochondria
Pyruvate (See last slide) goes into the Krebs cycle
(AKA the Citric Acid Cycle).
In a series of steps enzymes transfer electrons to
coenzyme acceptors NAD+ and FAD, CO2 released.
Electron Transport Chain
3.
4.
Respiration (Cellular)
ATP Ledger
Glycolysis
Krebs
Chemiosmosis
3 per NADH
4 ATPs -2 ATP
2 ATPs
34 ATPs
2 from glycolysis*
2 from Acetyl CoA
6 from Krebs cycle
=
=
2
2
=
=
=
=
4
6
18
4
36
Respiration (Cellular)
Mitchell Hypothesis
Chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis:
Movement of electrons through the ETC is
accompanied by a protein pumping mechanism
that sets up an energy gradient consisting of
hydrogen ions (protons) across the inner
mitochondrial membrane. These are pumped
from the inner mitochondrial matrix to the outer
compartment. As they flow back through the
molecule known as ATP Synthase, free energy is
released and conserved as ATP.
Lab 5
Cell Respiration
In this lab you compared germinating with non-germinating peas and their
rate of repiration. You also looked at the effect of temperature.
As plants respire they use up oxygen. You measured how fast they used it
up.
Non-germinating seeds are alive but dormant.
To take CO2 out of the equation a CO2 absorbent was used (KOH)
Germinating
25
O2
10
Consumed
Non-germinating
Colder-slower respiration
ml
25
10
5
Time (minutes)
Warmer-faster respiration
Germinating- faster respiration
Dormant- Slower
Photosynthesis
Light hits chlorophyll (strikes the antenna complexes on thylakoids in the chloroplast-photons
are funneled to the reaction center of the photosystem).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Photosynthesis
Light-Independent: AKA Calvin-Benson cycle: AKA
Dark Reaction (in the stroma)
1.
2.
3.
4.