Gas Dynamics

ESA 341
Chapter 3
Dr Kamarul Arifin B. Ahmad
PPK Aeroangkasa

Normal shock waves

Definition of shock wave
Formation of normal shock wave
Governing equations
Shock in the nozzle

Definition of shock wave

Shock wave is a very thin region in a
flow where a supersonic flow is
decelerated to subsonic flow. The process
is adiabatic but non-isentropic.
Shock wave

V
P
T

Formation of Shock Wave

A piston in a tube is given a small
constant velocity increment to the
right magnitude dV, a sound wave
travel ahead of the piston.
A second increment of velocity dV
causing a second wave to move into
the compressed gas behind the first
wave.
As the second wave move into a gas
that is already moving (into a
compressed gas having a slightly
elevated temperature), the second
waves travels with a greater velocity.
The wave next to the piston tend to
overtake those father down the tube.
As time passes, the compression
wave steepens.

Types of Shock Waves:

Normal shock wave

- easiest to analyze

Oblique shock wave

- will be analyzed
based on normal
shock relations

Curved shock wave

- difficult & will
not be analyzed
in this class

- The flow across a shock wave is adiabatic but

not isentropic (because it is irreversible). So:

T01 T02
P01 P02

Governing Equations
Conservation of mass:

1V1 A 2V2 A
Conservation of momentum:
P1 P2 A m V2 V1

P1 P2 1V1 V2 V1

P1 P2 2V2 V2 V1
Rearranging:
P P
V1V2 V12 1 2
1

V22 V1V2
Combining:

P1 P2
2

1
1

P1 P2 V22 V12
1 2

V1

V2

P1

P2

T1

T2

Conservation of energy:
V12
V22
c pT1
c pT2
c pT0
2
2
Change of variable:

2 P1
2 P2

V12
V22
1 1
1 2
2

V22 V12
1
combine

P1 P2

1 2

Governing Equations
Continued:

1
1 2

P1 P2

1 2 1

cont.

P1 P2

1 2

Multiplied by 2/p1:

P2

P1

2 2

1
1 1

Rearranging:
1 2
1

P2 1 1

P1
1 2


1 1

2 P2

1 P1

or

1 P2
1

2 1 P1

1 1 P2


1 P1

Governing Equations
From conservation of mass:
1 P2
1

2 V1 1 P1

1 V2 1 P2


1 P1
From equation of state:
T2 P2 1

T1 P1 2

1 P2


T2 1 P1

T1 1 P1


1 P2

cont.

Governing Equations
Conservation of mass

1V1 2V2
Conservation of momentum
P1 P2 A m V2 V1

P1 1V12 P2 2V22
a2

P1 1 M 12 P2 1 M 22
Conservation of energy

V12
V22
h1
h2
2
2
1 M 2

1
T2
2

1
T
2
1 1
M2
2

cont.

1V1 2V2
P1
P
M 1 RT1 2 M 2 RT2
RT1
RT2

M1
1 2
M2
1 2
1

M2
1
1 M 12
2
1 M 22
2

M
B
I
N
E

1 2
1 2
M 1 ) M 22 (1
M2 )
2
2

2
1 M 12
1 M 22 2

M 12 (1

Expanding the equations

1 M 24 M 14 2M 22 M 12 M 22 M 12

2 M 22 M 12 0

Governing Equations

cont.

Solution:

M2

1 M 12 2
2
2M 1 1

Mach number cannot be negative. So, only the positive value is realistic.

Governing Equations
Temp. ratio

Dens. ratio

1 M 2

2 V1 M 1 T1

1 V2 M 2 T2

1
T2
2

T1 1 1 M 22
2

T2

T
1

1 M 2
1
2

cont.

2
2
M

1
1
1

1 2 M 2
1
1
2 1

M1

1 M 12 2
2M 12 1

P2 2M
1

P1
1 1
2
1

Simplifying:

2
( 1) M 12

1 ( 1) M 12 2

Pres. ratio
P2 1 M 12

P1 1 M 22

1 M 2

2
2
M

1
1
1

1 2 M 2
1
2 1

Governing Equations
Stagnation pressures:

P02 P02 P1 P2

P01 P2 P01 P1

1 2
1

M2
P02
2

P01 1 1 M 2
1
2

Other relations:

P02 P02 P01

P1 P01 P1
P01 P01 P02

P2 P02 P2

2M 12 1

cont.

Governing Equations
Entropy change:

T
P
s2 s1 c p ln 2 R ln 2
T1
P1

But, S02=S2 and S01=S1 because the flow is

all isentropic before and after shockwave.

cont.

Shock wave

1 2

So, when applied to stagnation points:

T02
P02

R
ln

T01
P01

s02 s01 c p ln

But, flow across the shock wave is adiabatic & non-isentropic:

T01 T02
And the stagnation entropy is equal to the static entropy:

P02
s2 s1 1
P01

s02 s01 R ln
So:

P02
s2 s1
exp
1
P01
R

Total pressure decreases across shock wave !

Group Exercises 3
1.

2.

3.

Consider a normal shock wave in air where the upstream flow

properties are u1=680m/s, T1=288K, and p1=1 atm. Calculate the
velocity, temperature, and pressure downstream of the shock.
A stream of air travelling at 500 m/s with a static pressure of 75
kPa and a static temperature of 150C undergoes a normal shock
wave. Determine the static temperature, pressure and the
stagnation pressure, temperature and the air velocity after the
shock wave.
Air has a temperature and pressure of 3000K and 2 bars absolute
respectively. It is flowing with a velocity of 868m/s and enters a
normal shock. Determine the density before and after the shock.

Stationary Normal Shock Wave Table Appendix C:

M1

M2

P2
P1

T2
T1

2
1

a2
a1

P1

P2 P1

1
T1
P01
T01

2 1
T2 T1
P02 P01
T02 T01

M1 1

M2 1
Ms 0

P02
P01

P02
P1