Group Members

Muhammad Usman Aslam

BSME 01093109
Muhammad Qasim Karim
BSME 01093112
Waqas Anwar
BSME 01093062

Fundamenta
l of Gears

Overview

Fundamental Law of Gearing

Forms of Teeth

Construction of involute curve

Gear Design Example

Example 13.1

Fundamental Law of
Gearing

Fundamental law of gearing is;

The angular velocity ratio between the gears
must remain constant throughout the mesh.

Relation for constant velocity is;

V=1/2= r2/r1
Here,
V = linear pitch point velocity
2 = angular driven wheel velocity
1 = angular driver wheel velocity
r1 = radius of pitch circle of driver
r2 = radius of pitch circle of driven

(135)

Construction of Involute Curve

Draw a unit base circle.

Divide circle into four equal parts

a,b,c,d.

Divide part a into equal no. of

parts e.g. AP1, P1P2,P2P3 etc.

The tangents at P1, P2, P3 etc.

are drawn and the length P1A1,
P2A2, P3A3 equal to the arcs
AP1, AP2 and AP3 are set off.

Joining the points A, A1, A2, A3

etc. we obtain the involute curve
AR.

Gear Design Example

Suppose we specify that an 18 tooth pinion is to mesh with a

30 tooth gear and that the diametral pitch of the gear set is
to be 2 teeth per inch.

First we calculate the pitch circle diameter d, so From

Eq. (131),

P = N/d

N is the number of teeth and P is the diametral

pitch.

The pitch diameters of the pinion and gear are respectively,

d1 = N1/P = 18/2 = 9 in
d2 = N2/P = 30/2 = 15 in

Gear Design Example

Next calculate the center distance which is the sum of

the pitch radii i.e.
(d1+d2)/2 = (9+15)/2 = 12 in

Now locate the pinion and gear centers O1 and O2

and construct the pitch circles of radii r1 and r2.

These are tangent at the pitch point, P.

Next draw the common tangent line ab, through pitch

point.

Gear Design Example

Next draw line cd at an angle to the line ab. This

line is called the pressure line or line of action.

This line represents the direction in which resultant

force acts between the gears.

The angle is called the pressure angle, and it

usually has values of 20 or 25, though 14.5 was
once used.

Gear Design Example

Next, on each gear draw a circle tangent to

pressure line. These circles are base circles.

As shown in Fig. 1310, the radius of the base

circle is
rb = r cos
(136)
where r is the pitch radius and is the
pressure angle.

Gear Design Example

The addendum and dedendum distances for

standard interchangeable teeth are, 1/P and 1.25/P,
respectively.

Therefore, for the pair of gears we are constructing,

a = 1/P = 1/2 = 0.500 in
b = 1.25/P = 1.25/2 = 0.625 in
a is the addendum and b is the dedendum.

Using these distances, draw the addendum and

dedendum circles on the pinion and on the gear as

Gear Design Example

To draw a tooth, we must know the tooth thickness.

From Eq. (134), the circular pitch p, is

p = /P = /2 = 1.57 in
here P is the diametral pitch.

Therefore, the tooth thickness is

t = p/2 = 1.57/2 = 0.785in

The portion of the tooth between the clearance circle and

the dedendum circle includes the fillet. In this instance the
clearance is

Fundamentals of Tooth
Action
The initial contact will take place when the flank of
the driver comes into contact with the tip of the
driven tooth.

The initial point of contact will be where

addendum circle of driver crosses pressure line.
This is point a in Fig. 1312.

Construct tooth profiles through point a and draw

radial lines from the intersections of these profiles

Fundamentals of Tooth
Action

The final point of contact will therefore be where

the addendum circle of the driver crosses the pressure
line. This is point b in Fig. 1312.

By drawing another set of tooth profiles through b, we

obtain the angle of recess for each gear.

The sum of the angle of approach and the angle of

recess for either gear is called the angle of action. The
line cd is called the line of action.

Fundamentals of Tooth
Action

Imagine a rack as a spur gear having an infinitely

large pitch diameter.

Therefore, the rack has an infinite number of teeth

and a base circle which is an infinite distance from
the pitch point.

Figure (1313) shows an involute rack in mesh with a

pinion.

The base pitch is related to the circular pitch by

equation;

Fundamentals of Tooth
Action

Consider a pinion in mesh with an internal,

or ring, gear figure1314 shows.

Both of the gears have their centers of

rotation on the same side of the pitch point.

The addendum circle of the internal gear lies

inside the pitch circle.

Fundamentals of Tooth
Action

Changing the center distance has no effect

on the base circles, because these were used

to generate the tooth profiles.

Increasing the center distance increases the

pressure angle and decreases the length of

the line of action.

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