Material balance equations

Dr. Tibor Bdi

University of Miskolc
Petroleum and Natural Gas Institute

Water Influx Detection and

Reserves Estimation by Material
Balance

Two Kinds of Reservoirs

Volumetric (We = 0)
Open (We 0)

Methods to Detect Water Influx

Gas Reservoirs: Cole method
Oil Reservoirs: Campbell method

Cole Plot: Material Balance Equation

for Gas Reservoirs
Production = Expansion + Water influx

cw S wi c f

G p Bg W p Bw OGIP ( Bg Bgi ) Bgi

1 S wi

Gas

Water

Gas cap
(Eg)

( pi p ) We Bw

Rock + connate
water (Efw)

F
Expansion (Et)

Gas Reservoir

Water
Influx

Cole Plot: Material Balance Equation

for Gas Reservoirs
Production = Expansion + Water influx

F OGIP * Et BwWe
BwWe
F
OGIP
Et
Et
Gas Reservoir

Cole Plot: Material Balance Equation

for Gas Reservoirs

F
Et

OGIP

Strong
Moderate
Weak
Depletion drive

Gp

Campbell Plot: Material Balance

Equation for Oil Reservoirs
Production = Expansion + Water influx

c S cf
N p Bo (G p N p Rs ) Bg W p Bw OOIP ( Bo Boi ) ( Rsi Rs ) Bg mBoi g 1 (1 m) Boi w wi
( pi p ) We Bw
B

1 S wi

gi

Oil

Gas

Water

Eo

Eg

Expansion (Et)
Saturated Oil Reservoir

Efw

Water
Influx

Campbell Plot: Material Balance

Equation for Oil Reservoirs
Production = Expansion + Water influx

F OOIP Eo mEg (1 m) E fw We Bw

F OOIP Et We Bw
We Bw
F
OOIP
Et
Et
Saturated Oil Reservoir

Campbell Plot: Material Balance

Equation for Oil Reservoirs
Strong

F
Et

OOIP

Moderate
Weak
Depletion drive

Material Balance Equation

(Conventional Notation)
Production = Expansion + Water influx

F OOIP Eo mEg (1 m) E fw We Bw

F OOIP Eo mEg (1 m) E fw BwU pWD

zi OOIPx i Uyi
Saturated Oil Reservoir

Havlena-Odeh: Material Balance

Equation

zi OOIPx i Uyi
zi
yi
OOIP U
xi
xi
Saturated Oil Reservoir

Havlena-Odeh Plot Material Balance

zi
xi
OOIP

rD

rD <

tg() = U

rD >

yi
xi

Criticism of the Havlena Odeh

Method: the Tehrani Method (1985)
xi << zi Relative error high !!!
Early 1/xi >> 1, i.e. early, uncertain points have high
weight,
yi influenced by early points more, than later ones.
Why???
Division with xi introduces artificial correlation!

Tehranis Conclusions
The Havlena-Odeh of MB form should be avoided
Best resolution is with original form, i.e.

zi = OOIP xi + U yi
Do NOT smooth pressure history, discard pressure
points unless there is a good reason for it.

Material Balance Equation

(Conventional Notation)
Production = Expansion + Water influx

F OOIP Eo mEg (1 m) E fw We Bw

F OOIP Eo mEg (1 m) E fw BwU pWD

zi OOIPx i Uyi
????
Saturated Oil Reservoir

Sills CARET Method (1996)

U 2h c r 2VpR c e
2
A e w

V pR

OGIP * Bgi
1 S wig
!!!!

2ce Bgi
U

OGIP 1 S wig

hA

hR

Must be
known !!

CARET = Combined Aquifer Reservoir Expansion Term

Sills CARET Method

Gas reservoirs:

ECARET

2ce Bgi hA

E g E fwg

1 S wig hR

F = OGIP * ECARET
Oil reservoirs:

ECARET

1
m
2ce S

1 S
1 S og S wig
wio

hA m( E g E fwf )

Boi Eo E fwo
h
B
gi

F = OOIP * ECARET

CARET = Combined Aquifer Reservoir Expansion Term

Sills CARET Plot

rD <

rD

tg() = OGIP,
OOIP
rD >

ECARET

Sills Method: Confirm Obtained

Parameters with Aquifer Data

k
D
2
c e rw

k U D

h A

Sills Method: Confirm Obtained

Parameters with Aquifer Data

k U D

h A

k
D
2
c e rw