Background of Ethernet (First LAN)

Digital, Intel & Xerox (DIX) consortium

created original Ethernet 1980
(originally known as Alto Aloha
Network)
The first network to provide Carrier
Sense Multiple Access / Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD)
Ethernet_II to followed in 1984 (ver-2)
IEEE termed this as 802 project
Initially IEEE 802 Project divided into
three groups
ALTTC/Oct 2006

Initial IEEE 802 Project

High level interface (HILI) became 802.1
committee
Responsible for High level interworking
protocols and management

LLC group became 802.2 committee,

for end to end link connectivity between
higher layer and media access dependent
layers

DL & MAC (DLMAC) group became

responsible medium access protocols
DL MAC has been split into three sub
committees
ALTTC/Oct 2006

DL MAC committees 802.3

802.3 for Ethernet
Came of with Ethernet physical layer
spec.
MAC addressing is same as Ethernet_II
but length field replaced type filed
Bus topology LAN at 10 Mbps with
collision detection (CSMA/CD)
10base 2/ thinnet 185 meters segment
without repeater over RG58 coaxial cable at 50
ohms
10base 5/ thicknet 500 meters segment
without repeater over RG8/11 coaxial cable at
50 ohms
10base T/UTP cat 3 UTP(Unshielded Twisted
Pair) to support 10 Mbps
ALTTC/Oct 2006

DL MAC committees 802.4/802.5

802.4 for Token Bus
Burroughs, concord data systems,
Honeywell, western digital, general
motors & Boeing took over 802.4
802.5 for Token Ring
IBM worked on 802.5

ALTTC/Oct 2006

Ethernet Technology

ALTTC/Oct 2006

Ethernet Standards (802.3)

Ethernet (10 Mbps)
Ethernet_II - (DIX- Ethernet)
IEEE 802.3 - Ethernet

Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)

IEEE 802.12 - 100VG AnyLAN
IEEE 802.3u - Fast Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps or 1

Gbps)
IEEE 802.3z - Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE 802.ab - Gigabit Ethernet

10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 Gbps)

IEEE 802.3ae - 10 Gigabit Ethernet
ALTTC/Oct 2006

Ethernet_II vs. OSI Model

DIX-Ethernet Layers

Upper
Layers

Other
Layers

Network
Media Access Control

Network
Data Link
Physical

(MAC)

Ethernet_II

ALTTC/Oct 2006

OSI model

Ethernet_II- Frame

64~1518B
8B
PREAMBLE

6B
DESTINATION
HARDWARE
ADDRESS

72~1526B
6B
SOURCE
HARDWARE
ADDRESS

2B

46~1500B

T
Y
P
E

LAYER 3 DATA

4B
CRC

Eg. Of Type Fields:

0800- IP
0806- ARP
8035- RARP

ALTTC/Oct 2006

Ethernet_II Frame - Details

Preamble: 8 bytes of alternating 0s and 1s to
synchronise the receiver
Destination Address (DA): 6 bytes (48 bits)
unique physical address of destination machine
encoded in NIC
Source Address (SA): 6 bytes (48 bits)
unique physical address of source machine
encoded in NIC
Type : 2 bytes (16 bits) indicates the type of
Layer 3 protocol being used Eg. IP, ARP or
RARP (uses RFC 1700 Ethernet Type Values)
Layer 3 Data: Between 46-1500 bytes
CRC : 4 bytes (32 bits) for error detection
information
ALTTC/Oct 2006

10

MAC Address structure (for all Ethernet)

Destination address : (LS Bit first and MS bit Last in each byte Little-Endian style)
I/G Individual / group address:
0 - Individual address.
1 - Group address.
U/L Universal /local address:
0 - Universally administered.
1- Locally administered.
Source address (LS Bit first and MS bit Last in each byte Little-Endian style)
I/G bit is always 0. U/L Universal/local address may be 0/1
LSB

MSB LSB

MSB LSB

MSB LSB

MSB LSB

MSB LSB

MSB

U/L I/G
Most Significant Byte

Least Significant Byte

Organisationally Unique Identifier (OUI)

Vendor Assingned No. (Serial No.)

(3 bytes)

(3 bytes)

ALTTC/Oct 2006

11

CSMA/CD
Ethernet Uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) as access
method
Any station wishing to transmit must listen for
Carrier on the line
If no carrier is detected, the line is idle and
transmission can be initiated
Two or more stations transmits at the same
time, when there was no carrier, results in
collision which is indicated by high voltage on
the line
After collision retry is done at staggered time
by different devices
CSMA/CD reduces the number of collision but
does not eliminate them
ALTTC/Oct 2006

12

Ethernet CSMA/CD algorithm

If adapter detects another transmission
while transmitting, aborts and sends jam
signal
After aborting, adapter enters exponential
backoff
after mth collision
first collision: choose K from {0,1} i.e.{0, 2 2-1};
delay is K x 512 bit transmission times
after second collision: choose K from {0,1,2,3}
ie. {0,1,..22-1}
after ten collisions, choose K from {0,1,2,3,4,
,1023}I.e. {0,1,..210-1}
ALTTC/Oct 2006

13

IEEE Project 802

IEEE Project 802 sets standard to
enable interworking between devices of
various vendors.
Logical Link Control (LLC) sub-layer
has been added to achieve the above
objective
Other
Layers
Network
Logical Link Control
Media Access Control
IEEE Project 802
ALTTC/Oct 2006

Other
Layers
Network
Data Link
Physical
OSI model
14

Initial IEEE Project 802

IEEE 802.2 LLC deals with logical address,
control information and data
MAC sub layer resolves contention for shared
media
Other Layers
Network
802.2 - Logical Link Control
802.3
CSMA/CD

802.4
Token Bus

802.5
Token Ring

ANSI
FDDI

IEEE Project 802

ALTTC/Oct 2006

15

802.3 MAC Frame/802.2 LLC without SNAP

DSAP

SSAP

1B

1B

Control
12 B

802.2 LLC LAYER

ENCAPSULATION

DATA

3B

43~1497B

DESTINATIO

PREAMBLE

S
N
F HARDWARE
D
ADDRESS

7B

1B

6B

SOURCE
HARDWARE
ADDRESS

6B

LE
N
GT
H

2B
64~1518B

802.2 PDU

CRC

46~1500B

4B

72~1526B
ALTTC/Oct 2006

16

802.3 MAC Frame

Preamble
7 bytes of alternating 0s and 1s that alert
the receiving system and enable it to
synchronise its input timing

Start Frame Delimiter (SFD)

One byte (10101011) signals the
beginning of the frame

Destination Address (DA)

6 bytes (48 bits) unique physical address
of destination machine encoded in NIC

Source Address (SA)

6 bytes (48 bits) unique physical address
of source machine encoded in NIC
ALTTC/Oct 2006

17

802.3 MAC Frame

Length (2 bytes)
Indicate number of bytes in the frame

802.2 PDU
Upper layer information between 461500 bytes

CRC (4 bytes)
For error detection information

ALTTC/Oct 2006

18

802.2 LLC Header

DSAP:Destination service access point structure
I/G - Individual/group address
0 - Individual DSAP.
1 - Group DSAP.
SSAP:Source service access point structure
C/R - Command/response:
0 - Command.
1 - Response.
Control: The structure of the control field is same as HDLC .
For IP Network value is (03)
I/G

DSAP

C/R

SSAP

Control

802.2 LLC Header

ALTTC/Oct 2006

19

802.3 MAC Frame/802.2 LLC with SNAP

OUI- Organisationally Unique
Identifier
SNAP- Sub Network Access Point

DSAP

SSAP

1B

1B

OUI

Ether Type

3B

2B

Control

SNAP

12 B

5B

802.2 LLC / SNAP

ENCAPSULATION

DATA

8B

38~1492B

DESTINATIO

PREAMBLE

S
N
F HARDWARE
D
ADDRESS

7B

1B

6B

SOURCE
HARDWARE
ADDRESS

6B

LE
N
GT
H

2B
64~1518B

802.2 PDU

CRC

46~1500B

4B

72~1526B
ALTTC/Oct 2006

20

Ethernet (Cabling Spec.)

Three main Cabling specifications
are available in Ethernet:
10 Base 5
Uses Thick co-axial Cable

10 Base 2
Uses Thin Coaxial Cable

10 Base T
Uses Unshielded Twisted pair cable
ALTTC/Oct 2006

21

10Base5; Thick Ethernet; Thicknet

The nickname derives from the size of the
cable
Each station on Ethernet network has its
own Network Interface Card (NIC) which
provides the station with a unique 6 bytes
physical address
Each frame is transmitted to every station
on the link but will be read only by the
station to which it is addressed
Transceiver performs the CSMA/CD for
checking voltages and collisions on the line
ALTTC/Oct 2006

22

10Base5; Thick Ethernet; Thicknet

R
Segment 1

2.5 M

50 M

R
2

Segment 1
3

500 M; 200 Stations

4
5 Segments; 2500 M; 1000 Stations
1-NIC(Network Interface Card)

2-RG-8 Thick Coaxial Cable

3-Cable Terminator

4-Transceiver Vampire Tap

5-Attachment Unit Interface (AUI);Transceiver Cable (15 Wires)

6-Media Attachment unit (MAU);commonly known as Transceiver

ALTTC/Oct 2006

23

10Base2; Thin Ethernet; Thinnet

Also known as cheapnet or cheapernet
Provides same data rate as 10Base5 but
with distance limitation of 185 meters
and lesser number of work stations
Transceiver circuitry has moved into the
NIC
Transceiver tap has been replaced by a
connector that splices the station
directly into the cable
BNC-T connector is with 3 ports; one for
NIC, one each for input and output ends
of the cable
ALTTC/Oct 2006

24

10Base2; Thin Ethernet; Thinnet

3
1

4
185 M
1-NIC(Network Interface Card)

2-RG-58 Thin Coaxial Cable

3-BNC-T Connector

4-Cable Terminator

ALTTC/Oct 2006

25

10BaseT
A star topology LAN
All individual transceiver functions and
networking operations are placed in an
intelligent hub with a port for each
station
Hub fans out any transmitted frame to
all its connected stations
Frame will be read by all, but will only
be processed by the station to which it
is addressed
ALTTC/Oct 2006

26

10BaseT

1
2
100 M

10Base-T Hub

4
100 M

1-10 Base-T Hub

2-RJ-45 Connector Male

3-RJ-45 Connector Female

4-Network Interface Card

5-RJ-45; Four Pairs UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Cable

ALTTC/Oct 2006

27

Fast Ethernet Standards

Two standards are approved by
IEEE in June 1995
802.12
802.3u

ALTTC/Oct 2006

28

Fast Ethernet Standards- 802.12/802.3u

802.12
Uses even efficient signaling techniques
than CSMA/CD known as Demand
Priority Access Method (DPAM)
Also known as 100VG-AnyLAN
Not popular and eventually disappeared
from the market

802.3u
Most popular spec. in 100Mbps over cat
5 UTP or cat 5 plus
Also known as Fast Ethernet
ALTTC/Oct 2006

29

Fast Ethernet (Cabling Spec.)

Fast Ethernet (100Base-T) is available
in three different types of cable
technologies:
100Base-T4
Utilizes four pairs of telephone-grade twisted-pair
wire and is used for networks that need a low quality
twisted-pair on a 100-Mbps Ethernet

100Base-TX
Developed by ANSI 100Base-TX is also known as
100Base-X, 100Base-TX uses two wire data grade
twisted-pair wire

100Base-FX
Developed by ANSI, 100Base-FX utilizes 2 stands of
fiber cable
ALTTC/Oct 2006

30

Fast Ethernet (Cabling Spec.)

100 Base-TX
Uses 2 pairs (1 pair towards hub and
other pair from hub) of CAT-5 UTP or
STP
Encoding used is 4B/5B
Distance between hub & station be <
100 M

100 Base-FX
Uses 2 optical Fibers (1 fibre towards
hub and other fibre from hub)
Encoding used is 4B/5B
Distance between hub & station be <
2000 M
ALTTC/Oct 2006

31

Fast Ethernet (Cabling Spec.)

100 Base-T4
Makes use of already exiting telephone
cables
Uses 4 pairs of voice grade UTP CAT-3
2 pairs are bi-directional and the other
2 are uni-directional
At a time 3 pairs are used to carry data
in each direction at a data rate of 33.33
Mbps i.e. 2 pairs carry data bidirectionally
Encoding used is 8B/6T
(8Binary/6Ternary)
Distance between hub & station be <
100 M
ALTTC/Oct 2006

32

Auto Negotiation in Fast Ethernet

Auto negotiation uses a priority scheme
to decide more preferred option for
100/10 Mbps Ethernet
Lower the functioning value more the
preferred one
Auto negotiation uses fast link pulses
(FLPs) for negotiation
Lowest functioning option is chosen
Auto negotiation may fail sometimes
Important connection are configured
manually
ALTTC/Oct 2006

33

Auto Negotiation Priorities

Standard
full/half
negotiation
priority
100 base T2
full 1
100 base T2
half 2
100 base Tx
full 3
100 base Tx
half 4
100 base T4
half 5
10 base T full 6
10 base T half 7
ALTTC/Oct 2006

Auto

34

Gigabit Ethernet Standards

4 implements have been designed:
1000
1000
1000
1000

Base-LX
Base-SX
Base-CX
Base-T

FEATURE

1000Base-LX

1000Base-SX

1000BaseCX

1000Bas
e-T

MEDIUM

Optical Fiber
(Multi mode;
Single mode)

Optical Fiber
(Multi mode)

STP

UTP

SIGNAL

Long-Wave
Laser

Short-Wave
Laser

Electrical

Electrical

MAXIMUM
DISTANCE

550 Meters
Multi mode;
5000 Meters
Single mode

550 Meters

25M

25M

ALTTC/Oct 2006

35

Gigabit Ethernet Media Options

ALTTC/Oct 2006

36

Cabling Spec. for UTP Standard

Category
Category
Category
Category

3
4
5
6

(Cat 3)for speed 10 Mbps

(Cat 4) for speed 16 Mbps
Cat 5) for speed 100 Mbps
(Cat 6) for speed 1Gbps

Also known as Category 5E

Category 7 (Cat 7) for speed 10 Gbps

ALTTC/Oct 2006

37

IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus)

Combines physical configuration of

Ethernet (a bus topology) and the collision
free feature of Token Ring
Token bus is a physical bus that operates
as logical ring using tokens (Round Robin)
ALTTC/Oct 2006

38

Ring Topology & Token Ring Hub

ALTTC/Oct 2006

39

Token Ring Media Access Control

Token ring uses a controlled-access
technique called token passing.
The token is a series of bits, travels
between the computers in a
predetermined sequence.
A computer with a message waits to
transmit until it receives a free token.
The computer changes the free token to a
busy token and attaches its message to it.
Then it retransmits it on the circuit to the
next computer in the sequence.
The computer receiving the message,
changes the acknowledgement to ACK (or
NAK) and sends the message back to the
sender, who creates a new free token.
ALTTC/Oct 2006

40

Token Ring Media Access Control

ALTTC/Oct 2006

41

Token Ring Media Access Control

ALTTC/Oct 2006

42

Token Ring Media Access Control

Token loss:
The token crashes before being transmitted - lost a
free token
A computer in the ring crashes - lost a busy token
A token is always busy.

A solution for the lost token problem:

Designate one computer to be the token monitor and
another computer to be a backup token monitor.
If no token circulated through the network for a
certain length of time or if a busy token circulates
too often, the token monitor will create a new free
token.

ALTTC/Oct 2006

43

FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface,
standardised by ANSI and the ITU-T
High speed alternative to Ethernet and
Token Ring
Copper version of FDDI is known as CDDI
Uses Token passing as access method
Implemented in dual ring
In most cases, data transmission is
confined to the primary ring
The secondary ring is provided in case
the primary ring fails
ALTTC/Oct 2006

44

FDDI-Self Healing Ring

Secondary Ring

Primary Ring

Fault

ALTTC/Oct 2006

45

MAC Address structure- Token Ring/FDDI

Destination address (LS Bit first and MS bit Lastin each byte Big-Endian style)
I/G Individual / group address
0 - Individual address.
1 - Group address.
U/L Universal /local address
0 - Universally administered.
1- Locally administered.
Source address (LS Bit first and MS bit Last in each byte - BigEndian style)
I/G bit is always 0. U/L Universal/local address may be 0/1
MSB

LSB MSB

LSB MSB

LSB MSB

LSB MSB

LSB MSB

LSB

I/G U/L
Most Significant Byte

Least Significant Byte

Organisationally Unique Identifier (OUI)

Vendor Assingned No. (Serial No.)

(3 bytes)

(3 bytes)

ALTTC/Oct 2006

46

FDDI-Media Access Control

The FDDI-MAC scheme uses a variation of
the IEEE 802.5 token-passing standard.
Messages and the token are sent in different
frames separately in a FDDI LAN. A computer can
send data only when it captures the token.
When a computer on an FDDI network waiting for
transmission receives the token, it holds the
token and then transmits all messages that were
attached to it. The computer then transmits
whatever messages its wants before transmitting
the token.
When receiver receives the data frame it simply
copy the data frame leaving it to be absorbed by
the sender.

ALTTC/Oct 2006

47

Typical Fast Ethernet Backbone

ALTTC/Oct 2006

48

Wireless Ethernet

ALTTC/Oct 2006

49

Wireless Ethernet Standards

IEEE 802.11
The initial release of the standard capable
of transmissions of 1 to 2 Mbps and
operates in the 2.4 GHz band.

IEEE 802.11a
Capable of transmissions of up to 54 Mbps
and operates in the 5 GHz band.

IEEE 802.11b
Introduced in 1999 802.11b is capable of
transmissions of up to 11 Mbps and
operates in the 2.4 GHz band.

IEEE 802.11g
Capable of transmissions of up to 20 Mbps
and operates in the 2.4 GHz band.
ALTTC/Oct 2006

50

Wireless Ethernet Standards

IEEE 802.11
Up to 2Mbps in the 2.4GHz band
This specification has been extended
into 802.11b.
IEEE 802.11a (Wi-Fi certified)
Up to 54Mbps in the 5GHz band
Products that adhere to this standard
are considered "Wi-Fi Certified."
Eight available channels.
Less potential for RF interference than
802.11b and 802.11g.
ALTTC/Oct 2006

51

Wireless Ethernet Standards

IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi certified)
Up to 11Mbps in the 2.4GHz band
Products that adhere to this standard are
considered "Wi-Fi Certified."
Not interoperable with 802.11a.
Requires fewer access points than 802.11a
for coverage of large areas.
Offers high-speed access to data at up to 300
feet from base station. 1
14 channels available in the 2.4GHz band
(only 11 of which can be used in the U.S.)
ALTTC/Oct 2006

52

Wireless Ethernet Standards

IEEE 802.11g (Wi-Fi certified)
Up to 54Mbps in the 2.4GHz band
Products that adhere to this standard
are considered "Wi-Fi Certified." May
replace 802.11b.
Improved security enhancements over
802.11. Compatible with 802.11b.
14 channels available in the 2.4GHz
band (only 11 of which can be used in
the U.S.)
ALTTC/Oct 2006

53

Non Wi-Fi Certified Wireless LANS

Bluetooth
Up to 2 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band

HomeRF
Up to 10 Mbps in the 2.4 GHZ band
Range is only 150 feet from base station.

HiperLAN/1 (Europe)
Up to 20 Mbps in the 5 GHz band & Only in
Europe & Relatively expensive

HiperLAN/2 (Europe)
Up to 54 Mbps in the 5 GHz band & Only in
Europe
Better quality of service than HiperLAN/1
ALTTC/Oct 2006

54

Present IEEE 802 Project Working Groups

802.1 Higher Layer LAN
Protocols Working Group
802.2 Logical Link Control
Working Group
802.3 Ethernet Working Group
802.4 Token Bus Working
Group
802.5 Token Ring Working
Group
802.6 Metropolitan Area
Network Working Group
802.7 Broadband TAG
802.8 Fiber Optic TAG
802.9 Isochronous LAN
Working Group
802.10 Security Working Group

ALTTC/Oct 2006

802.11 Wireless LAN Working

Group
802.12 Demand Priority Working
Group
802.14 Cable Modem Working
Group
802.15 Wireless Personal Area
Network (WPAN) Working Group
802.16 Broadband Wireless Access
Working Group
802.17 Resilient Packet Ring
Working Group

55