String Induced

Supersymmetry
Breaking
By Lewis Proctor

Contents
Why Supersymmetry (SUSY) and where did it come from?
Basics of Supersymmetry
Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
My Results So Far
SUSY Breaking and Future Plans
References and Further Reading

Why Supersymmetry (SUSY) and

where did it come from?
String theory was first discovered by Veneziano (1968) by finding a

mathematical formula which closely links in with the analytic

properties of scattering.
In further calculations there where singularities and poles; which
became open and closed strings.
Supersymmetry was first introduced, when Neveu and Schwarz
(1971) brought bosonic and fermionic string theories together.
The fermionic and bosonic Fourier modes of the strings differ by .

Why Supersymmetry (SUSY) and

where did it come from?
There are problems with the standard model

One Loop
iagram
(En.Wikipedia.or
even
at the
g)

weak scale 100Gev. The heirachy problem implies that the

Higgs particle receives large quantum loop corrections, and
we need to introduce parameters which cancel these. This
problem is also called the fine-tuning problem.

Why Supersymmetry (SUSY) and

where did it come from?
When SUSY is introduced into the standard the loop

corrections from the fermionic and bosonic corrections cancel

out in field theories invariant under SUSY.
However exact invariance implies all particles have a
supersymmetric pair.
But this however is not the case! E.g. the electron hasnt got
a spin-0 pair, because we would have observed it!

Why Supersymmetry (SUSY) and

where did it come from?
Therefore there needs to be SUSY breaking!
SUSY also implies gravity: performing two local SUSY

transformations, we find ourselves introducing new fields that

reproduce Einsteins field equations!

Basics of Supersymmetry
The strings modes introduced earlier differed by a , this is

the same but with particle spin. This shows that every
particle in the standard model has a partner particle which is
related by a factor of spin.

Basics of Supersymmetry
A SUSY transformation (Q) is one which turns fermioninc
states into bosonic states and vis versa.

have the action in terms of the lagrangian for a simple

We

fermionic field theory with a complex scalar field.

Where

and = 0,1,2,3

Basics of Supersymmetry
SUSY transforms fermion to bosons and bosons to fermions.

=
i(
)

= i( )
The and indicate the spinor component, these are the basic

SUSY transformations.
Any theory invariant under these transformation is invariant
under supersymmetric transformations.

Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model

(MSSM)

The MSSM is the standard model but with superparticles and

instead of gaugefields it has superfields, that the super
particles are represented by.

https://www.quantamagazine.org/20121120-as-supersymmetry-fails-tests-physicists-

Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model

(MSSM)

The standard model an equation which model the coupling

constants with respect to energy.
1
(E)

1
(E0)

ln

E
E0

Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model

(MSSM)
1
(E)

1
(E0)

ln

E
E0

,
These are the coupling constants of , and which are the
gauge groups of the three forces that are described in the
standard model.
The s above are used with other information to determine the
.

My Results So Far
1
(E)

1
(E0)

ln

E
E0

The beta function is calculated from equations which take into

account the number of particles and what the gauge group is.
In the SM the for and are 8.47, 29.6 and 59 respectively, the
beta functions are 7, 19/6 and -41/10 respectively.
Because of the extra particles in the MSSM the beta functions
change like so, the MSSM beta functions are thus 3,-1 and
-33/5.

My Results So Far

For the SM there are three equations and for MSSM there are
also three equations.
If we were to have unification these s would have to meet!

My Results So Far

My Results So Far

To check we put the equations in the form

equations
Then for the lines to meet at a point

for all three

My Results So Far
The determinant for the SM =6.50 Hence the lines dont

meet.
For the MSSM the determinant = 0.1158 The lines are very
close
to meeting (reason for not meeting could be

uncertainties in the values used)

The energy where they meet
Hence the possibility of a unified theory exists with SUSY!

SUSY Breaking and Future Plans

For SUSY to be a valid theory, we have to observe

superpartners e.g. SUSY needs to be broken!

Lightest Stable Particle (LSP) could be detected soon! When
LHC gets up to speed.
In the second half of my research I will look into the reason
why SUSY is broken from a string theory point of view.

References and Further Reading

THE EARLY HISTORY OF STRING THEORY AND

SUPERSYMMETRY-John H. Schwarz
SUPERSYMMETRY DEMYSTIFIED Patrick Labelle
SUPERSYMMETRY PRIMER Stephan Martin

Thank You For Listening!

Any Questions