Object Oriented

Programming Language

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Programming Language
2

is

an artificial language designed to express

computations that can be performed by a machine,
particularly a computer.

a series of instructions written by a programmer according

to a given set of rules or conventions (syntax ).

is a notation for writing programs.

All PL language can be divided into three categories

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Problem Oriented or High Level Languages

Machine Oriented or Low Level Languages
Middle Level Language

Programming languages
High-level languages

To speed up programming even further Single statements

for accomplishing substantial tasks

Translator programs called Compilers to convert

high-level programs into machine language

E.g. add overtime to base pay and store result in gross pay
grossPay = basePay + overtimePay

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Types of Programming Language

4

Elementary

Advanced

Procedural

Procedural

Structure Oriented

Object

Advanced

Oriented

Object
Oriented

Eiffel

Fortran

Algol 68

C++

C#

Cobol

PL/I

Pascal

Ada 95

Java

Ada 83

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What is C++?
5

C++ is an object-oriented programming (OOP)

language that is viewed by many as the best

language for creating large-scale applications.
C++ is a multi paradigm language.
C++ is an object driven language.

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Introduction to C++
6

C++ (pronounced see plus plus) was

developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in

1979.
Combination of Simula67 and c
C With classes
In 1983,the name was changed to C++.
C++ is an extended version of C.
C++ is a superset of C.
All the concepts of C are applicable to C++
also.
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Variables
7

Variables are like small blackboards

We can write a number on them
We can change the number
We can erase the number

C++ variables are names for memory

locations
We can write a value in them
We can change the value stored there
We cannot erase the memory location

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Some value is always there

Identifiers
8

Variables names are called identifiers

Choosing variable names
Use meaningful names that represent data to be
stored
First character must be

a letter
the underscore character

Remaining characters must be

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letters
numbers
underscore character

Keywords
9

Keywords (also called reserved words)

Are used by the C++ language

Must be used as they are defined in the programming

language

Cannot be used as identifiers

Keyword is an essential part of a language definition.

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Types of C Constants
10

C++ constants can be divided into two major

categories

Primary Constants
Secondary Constants
C Constants
Primary Constants
Integer Constant
Real Constant
Character Constant

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Secondary constants

Array, Pointer
Structure, Union
enum

Data Types
11

The most commonly used Data Types in C++

programming language:

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short int
int
long int
float
double
long double
char
bool

Basic Structure of C++ Program

12

Include files
Global variable and
function declaration/
Function Definition
main function
Function or subprogram
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Simple C++ Program

13

Comment

m
ty ain
pe r
in etu
te rn
ge s
r of

/* A first C++ Program*/

#include<iostream.h>
int main()
Output
Stream
{

Includin

Fun
ctio
nm

g h eade

r files

ain

Insertion operator

Statement terminated
with ;

cout<<Learning C++ Programming is easy \n";

Ret
return 0;
u
String to print
suc rn 0 o
n
ces
}
s
ful e
xec
utio
One way to exit the function
n
or to return something

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Execution of C++ Program

14

Phase 1

Editor

Program edited in

Disk

Editor and stored

on disk
Preprocessor

Phase 2

Preprocessor

Disk

program processes
the code

Phase 3

Phase 4

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Compiler
Linker

Creates object code

Disk

and stores on disk

Links object code

Disk

with libraries and

stores on disk

Execution of C++ Program

15
Primary memory

Phase 5

Puts program in

Loader

memory

Primary memory

Phase 6

CPU

Takes each instruction

and executes it storing
new data values

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Comment
16

Comment should be enclosed between /*

*/

Single Line Comment is //

It is used to increase the readability of the program.
Any number of comments can be given at any place in the

program.
Comment cannot be nested.
It can be split over more than one line

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Operators in C++
17

An operator is a symbol (Eg:+,-,*,/)

that directs the computer to perform

certain mathematical or logical
manipulations and is usually used to
manipulate data and variables.
Eg: a + b

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Types
18

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

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Arithmetic operators
Relational operators
Logical operators
Assignment operators
Increment and decrement operators
Conditional operators
Bitwise operators
Special operators

Control Structures
19

Control structures help to specify the order in

which actions execute.

The type of control structure are

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Conditional Statements

Iteration Statements

Selective Statements

Jump Statements

ARRAYS
20

An array is a collection of variables of similar data type.

A specific element in an array is accessed by an index.
Arrays may have from one to several dimensions.
In C/C++, all arrays consist of contiguous memory

locations.

Integer array of 4 elements

1000
1002
1004
1006
The lowest address corresponds to the first element and
the highest address to the last element.

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FUNCTIONS
21

Function is a basic requirement of modular

programming.
The process of dividing a large program into small

sub programs and manipulating them independently

is known as modular programming.
A function is a named, independent, block of

statements that perform well defined, specific

task and may return a value.
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Structure of Function
22

<return type> <function name>(arg 1,

arg 2,,arg n)
{
declaration part;
statements;
return;
}
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Input and Output

23

A data stream is a sequence of data

Typically in the form of characters or numbers

An input stream is data for the program to use

Typically originates

at the keyboard
at a file

An output stream is the programs output

Destination is typically

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the monitor
a file

Output using cout

24

cout is an output stream sending data to the monitor

The insertion operator "<<" inserts data into cout
Example:
cout << number_of_students << " Students\n";

This line sends two items to the monitor

The value of number_of_students

The quoted string of characters " Students\n
The

\n causes a new line to be started following the

s in Students

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A new insertion operator is used for each item of output

Input Using cin

25

cin is an input stream bringing data from the keyboard

The extraction operator (>>) gets data to be used
Example:
cout<<"Enter the number of students in a class\n;
cin >> number_of_students;
This code prompts the user to enter data then

read one data items using cin

The value read is stored in number_of_students

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Reading Data From cin

26

Multiple data items are separated by spaces

Data is not read until the enter key is

pressed
Example:
cin >> v1 >> v2 >> v3;
Requires three space separated values
User might type
34 45 12 <enter key>

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Designing Input and Output

27

Prompt the user for input that is desired

cout statements provide instructions

cout << "Enter your age: ";

cin >> age;
Displaying the output what was read

cout << age << " was entered." <<

endl;

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Basic OOPS Concepts

28

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What is Object Oriented Programming?

29

Identifying objects and

An object is like a
black box.
The internal details
are hidden.

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assigning responsibilities to
these objects.
Objects communicate to other
objects by sending messages.
Messages are received by the
methods of an object

What is an object?
30

Tangible Things
Roles
Incidents
Interactions
Specifications

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as a car, printer, ...

as employee, boss, ...
as flight, overflow, ...
as contract, sale, ...
as colour, shape,

So, what are objects?

31

an object represents an individual, identifiable

item, unit, or entity, either real or abstract, with a

well-defined role in the problem domain.
Or
An "object" is anything to which a concept
applies.
Etc.

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Why do we care about objects?

32

Modularity - large software projects can be

split up in smaller pieces.

Reusability - Programs can be assembled
from pre-written software components.
Extensibility - New software components can
be written or developed from existing ones.

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Classes
33

A class is grouping of objects having identical

properties, common behavior and shared

relationship.
The entire group of data and code of an object can

be built as a user-defined data type using class.

Objects are variables of a type class.
A class is a model of the object.

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34

class A
{
private:
data member1;
data member2;
data member(n);
public:
method1();
method2();
};
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Example: The Person class

35

#include<string.h>
#include<iostream.h>
class Person{
char name[20];
int yearOfBirth;
public:
void displayDetails() {
cout << name << " born in "
<< yearOfBirth << endl;
}
//...
};
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private
data

public
processes

The two parts of an object

36

Object = Data + Methods

or to say the same differently:
An object has the responsibility to know and the
responsibility to do.

=
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Behaviour and Messages

37

The most important aspect of an object is its

behaviour (the things it can do). A behaviour is

initiated by sending a message to the object (usually
by calling a method).

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The two steps of Object Oriented Programming

38

Making Classes: Creating, extending or reusing

abstract data types.

Making Objects interact: Creating objects from

abstract data types and defining their relationships.

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Basic Terminology
39

Abstraction is the representation of the essential

features of an object. These are encapsulated into

an abstract data type.
Encapsulation is the practice of including in an
object everything it needs hidden from other
objects. The internal state is usually not accessible
by other objects.

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Example
#include <iostream.h>
#include <cstring.h>

40

class employee {
char name[80]; // private by default
public:
void putname(char *n); // these are public
void getname(char *n);
private:
double wage; // now, private again
public:
void putwage(double w); // back to public
double getwage();
};
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void employee::putname(char *n)

{
strcpy(name, n);
41
}
void employee::getname(char *n)
{
strcpy(n, name);
}
void employee::putwage(double w)
{
wage = w;
}
double employee::getwage()
{
return wage;
}

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42

int main()
{
employee ted;
char name[80];
ted.putname("Ted Jones");
ted.putwage(75000);
ted.getname(name);
cout << name << " makes $";
cout << ted.getwage() << " per year.";
return 0;
}
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Friend
43

Friend function
Friend Class

A friend function and friend class (and all of its member

functions) has access to all private and protected
members of the class for which it is a friend.

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Example
44

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class myclass {
int a, b;
public:
friend int sum(myclass x);
void set_ab(int i, int j);
};
void myclass::set_ab(int i, int j)
{
a = i;
b = j;
}
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// Note: sum() is not a member function of any class.

45
int sum(myclass x)
{
/* Because sum() is a friend of myclass, it can
directly access a and b. */
return x.a + x.b;
}
int main()
{
myclass n;
n.set_ab(3, 4);
cout << sum(n);
return 0;
}

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Polymorphism
46

Polymorphism means having many forms. It

allows different objects to respond to the same

message in different ways, the response specific to
the type of the object.
Function

Overloading

Operator

Overloading

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Example
47

#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define pi 3.14
class fn
{
public:
void area(int); //circle
void area(int,int); //rectangle
void area(float ,int,int); //triangle
};
void fn::area(int a)
{
cout<<"Area of Circle:"<<pi*a*a;
}
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48

void fn::area(int a,int b)

{
cout<<"Area of rectangle:"<<a*b;
}
void fn::area(float t,int a,int b)
{
cout<<"Area of triangle:"<<t*a*b;
}
void main()
{
int ch;
int a,b,r;
clrscr();
fn obj;
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49

cout<<"\n\t\tFunction Overloading";
cout<<"\n1.Area of Circle\n2.Area of
Rectangle\n3.Area of Triangle\n4.Exit\n:;
cout<<Enter your Choice:";
cin>>ch;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter Radious of the Circle:";
cin>>r;
obj.area(r);
break;
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50

case 2:
cout<<"Enter Sides of the Rectangle:";
cin>>a>>b;
obj.area(a,b);
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter Sides of the Triangle:";
cin>>a>>b;
obj.area(0.5,a,b);
break;
case 4:
exit(0);
}
getch();
}
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Inheritance
51

Inheritance means that one class inherits the

characteristics of another class.

This is also called a is a relationship:
A car is a vehicle
A dog is an animal
A teacher is a person

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52

Inheriting the parent's nature

Red

Orange

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Yellow

Blue

Green

Violet

Example
53

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Base class
class Shape
{
public:
void setWidth(int w) { width = w; }
void setHeight(int h) { height = h; }
protected:
int width;
int height;
};
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54

// Derived class
class Rectangle: public Shape
{
public:
int getArea()
{
return (width * height);
}
};

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55

int main(void)
{
Rectangle Rect;
Rect.setWidth(5);
Rect.setHeight(7);
// Print the area of the object.
cout << "Total area: " << Rect.getArea();
return 0;
}

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Types of Inheritance
56

Single

Multi Level

A
B

Hierarchal

Multiple
A

Hybrid

A
C

B
D

THANK
57

U
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