Refers to all the

progressive changes
in cognitive
development that
occur in an individual
with the passage of
time.
Utilizes the roles of
learning, perception
and knowledge, or
cognitive processes.

HAPTER

What does
mental
developmen
t means?

 Like any of human

development this
involves a continuous
interaction between
biological
predispositions
determined by ones
genes, heredity, and
the experiences
encountered while
growing up in a
particular family,
culture, and
environment.

HAPTER

What does
mental
developmen
t means?

 Like any of human

Changes in
development occur
more rapidly during
the first 2 years of
life.
In language ability,
intellectual skills, and
emotional
development
deprivation during
the early years
appear to have
profound effects.

HAPTER

What is the
importance
of early
experiences
during the
formative
years of the
child?

 Children begin to
name things at about
one year old.
A 2-year old child
may often pick out
only one or two
properties of a
concept.

HAPTER

How do
children
learn to
talk?

 They begin with oneword utterances

Then they move on to
2-word telegraphic
speech
Children learn to
utter sentences by
imitation,
conditioning, and
hypothesis testing.

HAPTER

How do
children
learn to
form
sentences?

 Morphemes the
smallest linguistic
unit that carries
meaning.
Phoneme a
category of speech
sounds.

HAPTER

How do
children
learn to
form
sentences?

 Reading
Dyslexia
disorders
is a
.
The reading
reading
disorder
achievement
which
is
as seen
in speed or
characterized
by
comprehension as
distortions,
measured by or
substitutions,
individually
omissions.
administered
standardized tests
falls substantially
below that expected,
given the individuals
chronological age,
measured
intelligence and age

HAPTER

What
learning
disorders
have been
identified
by
psychiatrist
s?

 Mathematics
disorders. The
mathematical
achievement as
shown in calculating
or reasoning, falls
substantially below
that expected, given
the individuals
chronological age,
measured
intelligence and age
appropriate
education.

HAPTER

What
learning
disorders
have been
identified
by
psychiatrist
s?

 Disorder of
written language.
The writing skills as
measured by an
individually
administered test, fall
substantially below
those expected,
given the individuals
chronological age,
measured
intelligence and age
appropriate
education.

HAPTER

What
learning
disorders
have been
identified
by
psychiatrist
s?

 Learning disorder
not otherwise
specified. This
category is for
disorders that do not
meet any specific
learning disorder. It
might include
problems in all the 3
areas such as
reading, mathematics
and written language.

HAPTER

What
learning
disorders
have been
identified
by
psychiatrist
s?

 Expressive
language
disorders. This is an
impairment in
expressive language
development.

HAPTER

The language
or
communicati
on disorders:

 Mixed receptive
and expressive
language disorder.
Has the difficulties
such as markedly
limited vocabulary,
errors in tense,
difficulty in recalling
words or producing
sentences, general
difficulty expressing
ideas, difficulty in
understanding words
and sentences.

HAPTER

The language
or
communicati
on disorders:

 Phonological
disorder. The
essential failure to
expected speech
sounds that are
appropriate for the
individuals age and
dialect. The most
frequently
misarticulated sounds
are l, r, s, z, th, and
ch.

HAPTER

The language
or
communicati
on disorders:

 Stuttering.
Characterized by
frequent repetitious
or prolongations od
sounds or syllables.
Voice disorder.
Abnormality of vocal
pitch, loudness,
quality, tone or
resonance.

HAPTER

The language
or
communicati
on disorders:

 Characterized by
significantly
subaverage
intellectual
functioning with
onset before 18 years
old and concurrent
deficits or
impairments in
adaptive functioning.

HAPTER

Mental
Retardation

This disorder
classified as:
Mild mental
retardation
Moderate mental
retardation

Severe mental
retardation
Profound mental
retardation
Mental retardation
severity unspecified

HAPTER

Mental
Retardation

 Different levels on
the Standard Binet
interpretation
IQ

Above
139
120-129
110-119
90-109
80-89
70-79
Below
70

Verbal Description

HAPTER

No.
of
each
grou
p

Very superior

Superior
High average
Average
Low average
Borderline
Mentally
retarded

11
18
46
15
6
3

Lewis Terman:
MA x
IQ =
CA 100

 Health. Illness
which severe and
prolonged have been
found to delay the
ability for speech
development.
Intelligence.
Studies show that the
lower the intelligence
is, the poorer the
speech.

HAPTER

What factors
influence
speech
development
?

 Socio-economic
status. Children who
associate with adults
have better speech
than those who do
not.
Sex. Generally, girls
show a greater
mastery of language
than boys before the
age of 2 years.

HAPTER

What factors
influence
speech
development
?

 Family
relationships. The
lack of personal
relationships results
in general
retardation.
Bilingualism. This
is a condition wherein
3 languages are
simultaneously
learned. This tends to
retard speech.

HAPTER

What factors
influence
speech
development
?

 Parents are models

for good language
development of
children especially
during the formative
years.

HAPTER

How should
parents
communicate
with their
children?