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ENGLISH LANGUAGE

LEARNING STRATEGIES
LECTURER : IRWANDI,S.S.,M.Pd

PBI 4A GROUP I
Rias Wita Suryani
Dora Nurhayati
Stefany Putri
Vetri Oktavia
Mutia Sri Rahmi

DIRECT STRATEGIES
Direct strategies : language learning strategies that directly
involve the target language.
All direct strategies require mental processing of language, but
the 3 groups of direct strategies do this processing differently and
for different purpose.

Memory strategies, such as grouping or using imagery, have a highly


specific function : helping student store and retrieve new
information.
Cognitive strategies, such as summarizing or reasoning deductively,
enable learners to understand and produce new language by many
different means .

MEMORY STRATEGIES
Sometimes called mnemonics
People used memory strategies to remember practical information about
farming, weather, or when they were born.
Memory strategies are clearly more effective when the learner
simultaneously uses metacognitive strategies, like paying attention, and
affective strategies, like reducing anxiety through deep breathing.
Memory strategies reflect very simple principles, such as arranging
things in order, making associations must be personally meaningful to
the learner and the material to be reviewed must have significance.
Some teachers think vocabulary learning is easy, language learners have
a serious problem remembering the large amounts of vocabulary
necessary to achieve fluency. According to Lord, memory strategies help
language learners to cope with this difficulty.

Diagram of the Memory Strategies

1. CREATING MENTAL LINKAGES


a. Grouping

Involves classifying or reclassifying what is heard or read into meaningful


groups, thus reducing the number of unrelated elements.

b. Associating/Elaborating
Relating new language information to concept already in memory, or
relating one piece of information to another, to create associations in memory.
Example : associations can be between two things, such as bread and butter.
c. Placing New Words Into a Context
This strategy involves a form of associating or elaborating, in which the new
information is linked with a context. And involve using all possible clues,
including the context, to guess the meaning.

2. APPLYING IMAGES AND SOUNDS


a. Using Imagery
Relating new language information to concepts in memory by means of
meaningful visual imagery. Either in the mind or in an actual drawing. This
strategy can be used to remember abstract words by associating such words
with a visual symbol or a picture of a concrete object.
b. Semantic Mapping
This strategy involves meaningful imagery grouping, and associations, it
visually shows how certain groups of words relate to each other.
c. Using Keywords
Remembering a new word by using auditory and visual links.
To Identify a familiar word in ones own language that sound like the new
word this is the auditory link.
To generate an image of some relationship between the new word and a
familiar one this is the visual link.
d. Representing Sound in Memory
Remembering new language information according to its sounds. This is a
broad strategy that can use any number of techniques all of which create a
meaningful.

3. REVIEWING WELL
Structured reviewing : reviewing in carefully spaced intervals, at first
close together and then more widely spaced apart. Example : a review
10 minutes after initial learning, then 20 minutes later, an hour later
or two later, a day later, 2 days later, a week later, and so on .
The goal is being familiar with the information that it become natural
and automatic.
4. EMPLOYING ACTION
a. Using Physical Response or Sensation
Physically acting out a new expression or meaningfully relating a new
expression to a physical feeling or sensation. Example : going to the door.
b. Using Mechanical Techniques
Using creativity but tangible techniques, especially involving moving or
changing something which is concrete, in order to remember new target
language information. Example : writing words on cards and moving
cards from one stack to another when a word is learned

COGNITIVE STRATEGIES
Cognitive strategies are essential in learning a new language.
Strategies for practicing are among the most important cognitive strategies.
Language learners do not always realize how essential practice is. During
class, potential practice opportunities are often missed because one person
recites while the others sit idle.
Strategies for receiving and sending message are necessary tools. One such
strategies, know as getting the ide quickly, helps learners locate the main
idea through skimming or the key points of interest through scanning.
Analyzing and reasoning strategies are commonly used by language
learners. Many learners, especially adults tend to reason out the new
language. They construct a formal model in their minds based on analysis
and comparison, create general rules, and revise those rules when new
information is available.
Language learners often feel besieged by whirling words from radio and
TV program, films, lecture, stories, articles, and conversations. To
understand better, using strategies such as taking notes, summarizing, and
highlighting

Diagram of the Cognitive Strategies

1. PRACTICING
a. Repeating
Saying or doing something over and over : listening to something
several time, rehearsing, imitating a native speaker.
b. Formally Practicing With Sounds and Writing Systems
Practicing sounds such as pronunciation, intonation, etc.
Practicing the new writing system of the target language.
c. Recognizing and Using Formulas and Pattern
Being aware of and/or using routine formulas (single, unanalyzed
units), such as hello, how are you?
d. Recombining
Combining knows elements in new ways to produce a longer
sequence, as in linking one phrase with another in whole sentence.
e. Practicing Naturalistically
As in participating in a conversation, reading a book or article,
listening to a lecture, or writing a letter in the new language.

2. RECEIVING AND SENDING MESSAGE


a. Getting the Idea Quickly
Using skimming and scanning.
Skimming : to determinate the main idea.
Scanning : to find specific details of interest.

b. Using Resources for Receiving and Sending Messages


Using print out or non print to understand incoming message or
produce outgoing messages.

3. ANALYZING AND REASONING


a. Reasoning Deductively
Using general rules and applying them to new target language situations.
This is a top-down strategy leading from general to specific.
b. Analyzing Expression
Using the meanings of various parts to understand the meaning of the whole
expression.
c. Analyzing Contrastively
Comparing elements (sounds, vocabulary, grammar) of the new language
with elements of ones own language to determine similarities and differences.
d. Translating
Converting a target language expression into the native language.
e. Transferring
Directly applying knowledge of words, concepts, or structures from one
language to another.

4. CREATING STRUCTURE FOR INPUT AND OUTPUT


a. Taking Notes
Writing down the main idea or specific points.
b. Summarizing
Making a summary or abstract of a longer passage.
c. Highlighting
Using a variety of emphasis techniques ( such as underlining,
starring, or color coding ) to focus on important information in a
passage.

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