Chapter 15

Structural Dynamic Analysis

Contents
15.1

What Are Dynamic Analyses?

15.2

Solution Methods
15.3

Mass and Damping

15.4

Example: Copper Cylinder Impacting on a Rigid Wall

15.5

Dynamic Loads
15.6

Initial Conditions
15.7

Integration Time Steps

15.8

Exercise: Rocket Flight

 15.1

What Are Dynamic Analyses?

Dynamic Effects
KD F

CD
KD F
MD

Inertia force
Damping force
Elastic Force
External force
Dynamic Effects
4

15.1.1 Transient Dynamic

Analysis

CD
KD F
MD

15.1.2 Modal Analysis (1/3)

CD
KD 0
MD

15.1.2 Modal Analysis (2/3)

CD
KD 0
MD
KD 0
MD
fd fu 1 2
R e 2

15.1.2 Modal Analysis (3/3)

Avoid resonance
Exploit resonance
Assess structural stiffness
Structural modal degrees of freedom
Further dynamic analyses
etc.
8

15.1.3 Harmonic Response

Analysis
CD
KD F sin t
MD

 15.2

Solution Methods

10

Solution Methods
Solution Methods for Equation of Motion

Direct Integration

Implicit

Full

Reduce

Mode Superposition

Explicit

Full

Reduce

11

15.2.1 Direct Integration

Implicit method (ANSYS)
Explicit method (LS-DYNA)

12

15.2.2 Implicit vs. Explicit

Methods
Implicit method
D t t f ..., D t t , D t , D t t

Explicit method
D t t f ..., D t 2 t , D t t , D t

13

15.2.3 Mode Superposition

Method
D C1M1 C2M2 C3M3 ...Cn Mn

14

15.2.4 Reduced Method

KD F
K mm
K
sm

K ms
K ss

Dm
Fm

D
F
s
s

KD m F
1
Fs K smD m
D s K ss

where

1
K K mm K ms K ss
K sm

1
F Fm K ms K ss
Fs

15

15.2.5 Methods for Nonlinear

Dynamic Analysis
For nonlinear analysis, the only methods
applicable is DIRECT INTEGRATION
method.
Reduced method can not be used for
nonlinear analysis.
Either implicit or explicit methods can be
used.
16

 15.3

Mass and Damping

17

15.3.1 Consistent vs. Lumped

Mass Matrices
Consistent mass
matrix
UX i
UYi
ROTZ i
UX j
UY j
ROTZ j

x 0 0 x 0 0
0 x x 0 x x

0 x x 0 x x

x
0
0
x
0
0

0 x x 0 x x

0 x x 0 x x

Lumped mass
matrix
x
0

0
0

0
x
0
0
0
0

0
0
x
0
0
0

0
0
0
x
0
0

0
0
0
0
x
0

0
0
0

0
0

18

15.3.2 Damping
Damping effects is the total of all
energy dissipation mechanisms
Hysteresis (solid damping)
Viscous damping
Dry-friction (Coulomb damping)

19

15.3.3 Idealization of
Structural Damping
Structural dampings are usually
small (2%-7%).
Equivalent viscous damping is
assumed in ANSYS, i.e.,

FD CD
20

15.3.4 How ANSYS Forms

Damping Matrix?
Nm

j 1

C M c K

m
j

j K j

C
k C
Ne

k 1

Alpha damping
Beta damping
Material dependent beta damping
Element damping matrices
Frequency-dependent damping matrix
21

 15.4
:
Copper Cylinder Impacting on a Rigid Wall

22

15.4.1 Problem Description

Initial Velocity Vo

23

15.4.2 Modeling Consideration

Material: bilinear plastic model.
VISCO106 (2D viscoplastic solid) is
used.
Use axisymmetric model.

24

15.4.3 ANSYS Procedure (1/4)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, UNITS: SI
/PREP7
ET, 1, VISCO106,,, 1
MP,
EX, 1, 117E9
MP, NUXY, 1, 0.35
MP, DENS, 1, 8930
TB, BISO, 1
TBDATA,, 400E6, 100E6
TBPLOT, BISO, 1
RECTNG, 0, 0.0032, 0, 0.0324
LESIZE, 1,,, 4
LESIZE, 2,,, 20
MSHAPE, 0, 2D
MSHKEY, 1
AMESH, ALL
FINISH

25

15.4.3 ANSYS Procedure (2/4)

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42

/SOLU
ANTYPE, TRANS
TRNOPT, FULL
NLGEOM, ON
IC, ALL, UY, 0, -227
NSEL, S, LOC, X, 0
D, ALL, UX, 0
NSEL, S, LOC, Y, 0
D, ALL, UY, 0
NSEL, ALL
/PBC, U,, ON
EPLOT
TIME, 80E-6
DELTIM, 0.4E-6
KBC, 1
OUTRES, ALL, 4
SOLVE
FINISH

26

15.4.3 ANSYS Procedure (3/4)

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57

/POST26
TOPNODE = NODE(0,0.0324,0)
NSOL, 2, TOPNODE, U, Y, DISP
DERIV, 3, 2, 1,, VELO
/GRID, 1
/AXLAB, X, TIME s
/AXLAB, Y, DISPLACEMENT m
PLVAR, 2
/AXLAB, Y, VELOCITY m/s
PLVAR, 3
FINISH

27

15.4.3 ANSYS Procedure (4/4)

59
60
61
62
63
64
65

/POST1
SET, LAST
PLDISP, 2
PLNSOL, EPTO, EQV
ANTIME, 30

28

 15.5

Dynamic Loads

29

Dynamic Loads: An Example

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

/SOLU
...
F, ...
TIME, 0.5
DELTIM, ...
KBC, 0
AUTOTS, ON
OUTRES, ...
SOLVE

!
!
!
!
!
!
!

22.5 at the nodes

Ending time
Integration step
Ramped loading
Option
Option
Load step 1

F, ...
TIME, 1
SOLVE

! 10 at the nodes
! Ending time
! Load step 2

FDELE, ...
TIME, 1.5
KBC, 1
SOLVE

!
!
!
!

Force (N)
22.5

10

0.5

1.0

1.5

Time (s)

Zero the force

Ending time
Stepped loading
Load step 3

30

 15.6

Initial Conditions

31

15.6.1 Example: An Stationary

Plate Subjected to an Impulse
Load
This is the default initial condition.
No input is needed.

32

15.6.2 Example: Initial Velocity

on a Golf Club Head
This simple initial condition can be
specified by using IC command.
NSEL, ALL
IC, ALL, UY, 0, V0

33

15.6.3 Example: Plucking a

Cantilever Beam
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14

/SOLU
ANTYPE, TRANS
...
TIMINT, OFF !
TIME, 0.001 !
D, ...
!
KBC, 1
!
NSUBST, 2
!
SOLVE
TIMINT, ON
TIME, ...
DDELE, ...
SOLVE

Transient effects off

Small time interval
Apply displacement at desired nodes
Stepped loads
To avoid non-zero velocity

! Transient effects on
! Actual time at end of load
! Delete the applied displacement

34

15.6.4 Example: Dropping an

Object from Rest
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

/SOLU
TIMINT, OFF
TIME, 0.001
NSEL, ...
D, ALL, ALL, 0
NSEL, ALL
ACEL, ...
KBC, 1
NSUBST, 2
SOLVE

!
!
!
!

Transient effects off

Small time interval
Select all nodes on the object
Temporarily fix them

!
!
!
!

Apply acceleration
Stepped loads
To avoid non-zero velocity
Load step 1

TIMINT, ON
!
TIME, ...
!
NSEL, ...
!
DDELE, ALL, ALL !
NSEL, ALL
SOLVE
!

Transient effects on
Actual time at end of load
Select all nodes on the object
Release them
Load step 2

35

 15.7

Integration time Steps

36

15.7.1 Response Frequency

Response

Minimum
response
time

Time

p
t
20
37

15.7.2 Abrupt Changes in

Loading
Force (N)
22.5

10

Time (s)
0

0.5

1.0

1.5

38

15.7.3 Contact Frequency

T
t
30

39

15.7.4 Wave Propagation

x
t
3c

40

15.8 Exercise: Rocket Flight

y

140 in.

Thrust

100 lb

1 sec.

Time

41