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Industrial symbiosis is
practiced in several other
locations around the world,
but not to the extent of
Kalundborg. Many of these
are also only between two
enterprises. In Kalundborg
six partners constitute the
symbiotic network and the
Danish experience has
brought worldwide
attention.
Criteria for symbiosis
The industrial symbiosis developed in Kalundborg can be used to advantage in other industrial
areas provided several conditions are satisfied:
The enterprises must function together
Industrial symbiosis can only work with the right composition of enterprises in an area. Waste
products from one enterprise must fit the need of other enterprises in order to turn waste products
into raw materials. Diversity in the local industrial structure is therefore a necessary precondition
for implementation of industrial symbiosis.
The enterprises must be situated near each other
For symbiosis to work, the enterprises must lie reasonably close by. Long pipelines are costly and
the greater the length, the greater the energy losses. Experience from Kalundborg shows that the
distance is most important when it is energy that is being exchanged between enterprises.
Distance is of less importance in the case of other by-products.
Openness between the enterprises
With its relatively small size and isolated situation, Kalundborg has succeeded largely because the
decision-makers working there know each other and have developed a relationship characterized
by openness, communication and mutual trust.
Material Flows
Most wastes can be perceived as lost opportunities or potential products to be re-used internally or
marketed to someone else.
Water Flows
Process water or steam (used for temperature changes In an industrial process) may be re-used by
other facilities, known as water cascading. Greywater reuse within a home or water mains for several
grades of water and provisions for collecting and using storm water runoff are examples.