Bellwork:

Is there an abrupt or gradual change

between ionic and covalent bonds?
Explain.

There is a gradual change. We get this change by noting the relative positions of
the bonding elements across the periodic table. If they are close together toward
the upper right hand corner, then the bond is more covalent. When the elements
are on opposite sides of the periodic table, the chemical bond between them is
more ionic. For the bonding of atoms between these two extremes, the bonding
tends to be a blend of both, which is also referred to as polar covalent. This
change can also be noted by electronegativity differences. Since values determine
the type of bond, and the values can have varying amounts, the change is as
gradual as those differing amounts are.

Ch. 7 - Ionic Nomenclature

(p. 203 211)

OBJECTIVES
3.1.2 Determine the formula of an ionic compound
formed between two given ions.
3.1.3 Name an ionic compound given its formula.

The total number of natural and synthetic chemical

compounds runs in the millions. For some of these
substances, certain common names remain in everyday
use. For example, calcium carbonate is better known as
limestone, and sodium chloride is usually referred to as
table salt.
Unfortunately, common names usually give no information
about chemical composition. To describe the atomic
makeup of compounds, chemists use systematic methods
for naming compounds and for writing chemical formulas.
You will learn the rules used to identify simple chemical
compounds.

You need to memorize the list of

polyatomic ions on the following page
for your quiz and test.
More extensive lists can be found on
pages 205 & 210 of your book.
They may help you in memorization,
because they are broken down by
charges.

ammonium NH4+

cadmium Cd 2+
chromium(II) Cr 2+
chromium(III) Cr 3+
cobalt Co 2+
copper(I) Cu +
copper(II) Cu 2+
iron(II) Fe 2+

Common
Monatomic
Ions

acetate C2H3O2
bicarbonate HCO3
carbonate CO32
chromate CrO42
dichromate Cr2O72
hydride H
hydroxide OH
nitrate NO3

iron(III) Fe 3+

nitrite NO2

lead(II) Pb 2+

oxalate C2O42

lead(IV) Pb 4+

hypochlorite ClO

manganese(II) Mn 2+

chlorite ClO2

mercury(I) Hg22+
mercury(II) Hg 2+
nickel Ni 2+
silver Ag

tin(II) Sn

2+

tin(IV) Sn
zinc Zn 2+

4+

chlorate ClO3

Common
Polyatomic
Ions

perchlorate ClO4
permanganate MnO4
phosphate PO43
dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4
hydrogen phosphate HPO42
hydrogen sulfate HSO4sulfate SO42
sulfite SO32
cyanide CN-

Ionic Nomenclature
Common Ion Charges

1+
2+

3+ NA 3- 2- 1-

Oxidation numbers-- (oxidation states)

General distribution of electrons among the bonded atoms in a molecular compound or a polyatomic ion.

 Ions formed from a single atom

Group 1 metals lose 1 electron to give 1+ cations (Na+)
Group 2 metals lose 2 electrons to give 2+ cations (Mg2+)

Group 17 elements gain 1 electron to give 1- anions (Cl-)

Group 16 elements gain 2 electrons to give 2- anions (O2-)
Group 15 elements gain 3 electrons to give 3- anions (N3-)

 Elements from the d-block elements form 2+, 3+ (or, in a few

cases, 1+ cations)
Cu forms 1+ and 2+ cations
Fe and Cr form 2+ and 3+ cations
Be familiar with the others as well

Assigning Oxidation Numbers

The following is a list of guidelines for assigning
oxidation numbers (see book for more details):
The atoms in a pure element have an oxidation number of zero.
The more e-neg element in a binary compound is assigned the
number equal to the negative charge it would have as an anion.
The less e-neg atom is assigned the number equal to the positive
charge it would have as a cation.
Fluorine has an oxidation number of -1 in all compounds.
Oxygen has an oxidation number of -2 in almost all compounds.
Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 in all compounds
containing elements that are more e-neg than it; it has an oxidation
number of -1 in compounds with metals.
The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a
neutral compound is equal to zero.
The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a
polyatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion.
Although rules 1-7 apply to covalently bonded atoms, oxidation
numbers can also be assigned to atoms in ionic compounds.

Naming Monatomic Ions

Monatomic cations are identified simply by the elements name.
Examples:

Potassiumcation

Mg 2+
Magnesiumcation

Ca 2+

Calciumcation

Al3+

Aluminumcation

Naming Monatomic Ions

For monatomic anions the ending of the elements name is dropped and the ending ide
is added to the root name.
Examples:

F Fluorideanion

Cl Chlorideanion

S 2-

Sulfideanion

N 3 Nitrideanion

I. Binary Ionic Compounds

Compounds composed of two different elements
Basic idea:
Sum of the charges must add to zero.
That is the sum of the cation charge and the sum
of the anion charge must cancel each other so that
the compound form is neutral.
X Mn Xm
cation (charges) anion (charges)

Criss-Cross Method
1. Write the symbols for the ions side by side. Write
the cation first.
Al3+ O22. Cross over the charges by using the absolute value
of each ions charge as the subscript for the other
ion.
O3
Al2
3. Check the subscripts and divide them by their
largest common factor to give the smallest possible
whole-number ratio of ions. Then write the
formula.
Al2O3

Criss-Cross Method
Example 1: Calcium and Oxygen
Calcium

Ca2+

Oxide

2-

Ca2+

O2Ca2O2

CaO

Criss-Cross Method
Example 2: Magnesium and Phosphorus
Magnesium

Mg2+

Phosphorus

P3-

Mg2+

P3-

Mg3P2

Naming Binary Compounds

Nomenclature- naming system
Involves combining the names of the
compounds positive and negative ions
The name of the cation is given first, followed by the
name of the anion.

Al2O3
Name of
cation

Name of
anion

aluminum

oxide

Sample Problem 7-1

Write the formulas for the binary ionic compounds
formed between the following elements:
A. lithium and fluorine
B. lithium and oxygen

II. Stock system (roman numerals)

Example:

Fe2+

Fe3+

Iron(II)

Iron(III)

CuCl
copper(I)chloride

CuCl2
copper(II)chloride

Sample Problem 7-2

a. Write the formula and give the name for the
compound formed from the ions Cr3+ and F-.
b. Write the name for Cu3N2.

III. Polyatomic Ions

A charged group of covalently bonded
atoms
Combine with ions of opposite charge to form
ionic compounds
Have both molecular and ionic characteristics
Ex: NH4+, NO3-, SO42-

III. Polyatomic Ions

All but the ammonium ion are negatively
charged
Most are oxyanions Polyatomic ions that contain oxygen

III. Polyatomic Ions

Most common ion is given the ending ate.
One less oxygen than ate ends in ite.
One less oxygen than ite is given the prefix
hypo
One .more oxygen than -ate is given the prefix
per.

ClO
perchlorate
4

ClO3

chlorate

NO3
nitrate

ClO
chlorite2

NO
nitrite2

ClO
hypochlorite
-

Sample Problem 7-3

a. Write the formula for potassium sulfate.
b. Write the formula for calcium carbonate.
c. Write the formula for tin(IV) sulfate.

Ionic Nomenclature Practice

potassium chloride

KCl

Mg2+ NO3

Mg(NO3)2

Cu2+ Cl

CuCl2

K Cl

magnesium
nitrate
+

copper(II) chloride

Ionic Nomenclature Practice

NaBr

sodium bromide

Na2CO3
FeCl3

sodium carbonate
iron(III) chloride

Homework
pg. 235 #1-8 (all), 24-28(odd letters- a,c,e,g, etc.)
Due: W 11/07