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ContourLines
ContourLines
Usedtorepresentdifferencesinelevation.
Connectpointsofequalelevation.
Showthegenerallayoftheland.
Describegeographicalfeatures.
Usedintopographicmaps.
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ContourInterval
Thedifferenceinelevationrepresentedbyeach
contourlineonatopographicmap.
Thedifferenceinaltitude(elevation)representedby
thespacebetweentwocontourlinesonamap
CONTOUR INTERVAL
50 FEET
ELEV. 250
SLOPE
ELEV. 200
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Slopes
Thesteepnessofaslopecanbedeterminedby
thespacingofcontourlines.
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Slopes
Uniformgentleslope
Contourlinesare
approximatelythesame
distanceapart.
Greaterdistancebetween
contourlines.
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Slopes
Uniformsteepslope
Contourlinesare
approximatelythesame
distanceapart.
Lessdistancebetween
contourlines.
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Slopes
Concaveslope
Flattenstowardsthe
bottom.
Lessdistancebetween
contourlinesatthetopof
theslopethanatthe
bottom.
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Slopes
Convexslope
Steepertowardsthe
bottom.
Greaterdistancebetween
contourlinesatthetopof
theslopethanatthe
bottom.
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Cliffs
Verticalslope
Contourlinesmerge.
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StreamsandRidges
Singlestream
Interestingstreams
StreamsformVshapedcontourlines.ThebottomoftheV
pointsupstream.
IntersectingstreamsformMshapedcontourlines.Thetopsof
theMpointupstream.
Hillsandridges
HillsandridgesformUshapedcontourlines.Thebottomofthe
Upointsdownhill.
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ReliefFeatures
Obviousgeographicfeatures.
Domeshapedhill
Peakofahillormountainformscircularcontourlines
ofeverdecreasingdiameter.
Figure98a
Saddle
Alowspotbetweentwosidebysidepeaks.
Figure98b
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ReliefFeatures
Depression
Humanmadeholesornaturalsinks.
Shortlinespointintothedepression.
Figure98c
Overhang:
Lowerelevationcontourlinesrununderhigher
elevationcontourlines.
Figure98d
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TypesofContourLines
IndexContours
IntermediateContours
Everyfifthcontourline.
Thick.
Brokenatspecificintervalsandlabeledwiththecontourlineelevation.
Fourcontourlinesbetweentheindexcontours.
Definethecontourinterval(distancebetweenparallellinesinreferenceto
elevation).
Thin.
Typicallynotlabeledwiththecontourlineelevation.
SupplementaryContours
Sometimesusedtodescribeadditionaldetail,especiallyonflatfeatures.
Usuallydashed,andshownashalfthecontourinterval.
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TypesofContourLines
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TypesofContourLines
RefertoFigure99toanswerthefollowing:
Whatisthedistanceinelevationbetweentheindexlines?
Whatisthedistanceinelevationbetweentheintermediate
lines?
10
Whatisthedistanceinelevationbetweenthesupplementary
lines?
50
Whatisthecontourinterval?
10
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TypesofContourLines
Elev.OfFigure99
INDEX
ELEV. 500
SUPPLEMENTARY
ELEV. 490
INTERMEDIATE
ELEV. 480
ELEV. 475
ELEV. 470
ELEV. 460
ELEV. 450
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ContourLineValues
Valuesrepresentelevationsabovemeansea
level.
Meansealevel
Theaverageelevationoftheoceanbetweenhigh
andlowtides.
0feetelevation.
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ContourLineValues
Contourintervalvaluesdependon:
Thesizeofthesurvey.
Thepurposeofthemap.
Thedesireddetail.
Thedifferenceinelevationontheplot.
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WaysofConstructingContourLines
Traditionalandmanualtechniques.
Interpolation.
UsingspecializedCADDsoftware.
Groundsurveyrequiredtoaccuratelyindentify
topography.
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ControlPointSurvey
Acommonmethodofestablishingelevationsfor
useincontourmapping.
Process:
1. Surveyfieldnotesareplottedonthemapandlabeled.
2. Acontourintervalischosenbasedonthelandarea,
topography,andelevationdifferential.Thecontour
intervaldefinestheelevationofeachcontourline.
3. Contourlinesaredrawn.
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ControlPointSurvey
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Interpolation
Interpolatecontourlinepointsinordertofind
whereaspecificcontourlineelevationcrosses
thehorizontalandverticalgrid:
Estimation
Mathematicalinterpolation
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InterpolationbyEstimation
StudyFigure912andfollowtheinformation
presentedintheInterpolatingContourLines
byEstimationsectionofChapter9tobetter
understandhowtoestimateelevationpoints
quadranglemaps.
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Interpolation
Mathematicalinterpolation(page240):
Slope=Rise(differenceinelevationofknownpoints)
Run(distancebetweenpointsofknownelevation)
SeeFigure914.
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GridSurvey
1. Aplotoflandisdividedintoagrid.
VerticalgridlinesareidentifiedwithlettersA,B,C,D
Horizontalgridlines(stations),areidentifiedinhundredsoffeet
plustensoffeet:
0+00=0footstation
0+20=20feetfrom0+00station
1+50=150feetfrom0+00station
9+00=900feetfrom0+00station
Distancebetweenhorizontalandverticalgridlinesisequal
(createssquares).Thesizeofthesquaresisdeterminedbythe
surveyorbasedonthelandarea,topography,andelevation
differential.
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GridSurvey
2. Theelevationofeachgridintersectionis
measuredandlabeledinfieldnotes.
Table91
3. Drawthegrid.
Figure916a
4. Labeltheelevationateachgridintersectionusing
thefieldnotemeasurements.
Figure916b
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GridSurvey
5. Identifythecontourinterval.Thecontour
intervalwilldefinetheelevationofeach
contourline.
6. Interpolatecontourlinepointsinordertofind
whereaspecificcontourlineelevationcrosses
thehorizontalandverticalgrid.
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GridSurvey
7. Connectpointsofequalelevationusinga
curvedline(spline).
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GridSurvey
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RadialSurvey
Usedtolocatepropertycorners,structures,natural
features,andelevationpoints.
Oftenusedwhentheinstrumentcannotbelocatedata
knownpoint.
Radiationlocatingcontrolpointsfromacentral
locationcalledatransitstation.
Angular(azimuths)anddistancemeasurements,knownas
sideshots,aretakenbetweenthetransitstationandcontrol
points.
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RadialSurvey
Multipletransitstationsmayberequiredto
surveyalargeproperty.
Baselinethelinebetweentwostations.
Transitlinesthelinesbetweenthreeormore
stations.
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RadialSurvey
Drawingcontourlines:
1. Labeltheelevationateachsideshotusingfieldnote
measurements.
2. Identifythecontourinterval.Thecontourintervalwill
definetheelevationofeachcontourline.
3. Interpolatecontourlinepointsinordertofindwherea
specificcontourlineelevationbetweenexisting
points.
4. Connectpointsofequalelevationusingacurvedline
(spline).
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RadialSurvey
Interpolatecontourlinepointsinordertofindwherea
specificcontourlineelevationbetweenexistingpoints:
Calculatethedifferenceinelevationbetweentwopoints.
Identifythedistancebetweenthetwopoints.
Step1Step2=percentofslope.
Subtractthelowerelevationfromthenearestcontour.
Step4Step3=distancefrompointoflowerelevationto
thenearestcontour.
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RadialSurvey
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PlottingContourLineswithCADD
Manualmethods.
SpecializedCADDsystems:
SurveyedelevationsareimportedintotheCADD
software,transferringdatafromthesurvey
instrument(suchasanelectronictotalstation)toan
officecomputer.
Surveypointsareconnectedintoatriangulation
networkofsurfaces,whichcanthenbeusedto
generatecontours.
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Chapter9Activities
Chapter9Testallbut914
Chapter9Problemsp92andp94
UsetheCADfilesfromthestudentwebsiteto
drawthecontourlinesoneachsurvey.
InP92useestimation.
InP94usecalculatedinterpolation.
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