Chapter 2

Training Manual
Chapter 2
CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN
The Example Problem
An Example Problem !!
Training Manual
Flow of Air in a 2D duct.
Objective: Peform laminar analysis of a relatively slow

moving flow and then increase the flow rate dramatically.
Streamlines
The Geometry
Training Manual
This is Duct which has a smooth transition to a larger area.
Units of Length - Inches

Inlet length
3.0
Inlet height
0.5
Transition length
1.0
Outlet height
1.0
Outlet length
4.0
Properties - Conditions
Use PSI system of units
Property type is AIR-IN
Density will be 1.1214E-7 (lbf-s2/in4)
Viscosity will be 2.6240E-9 (lbf-s/in2)
Conditions
Reference Pressure 14.7 psi
Outlet Pressure 0 psi (relative pressure)
Default Temperature used : 293K
Flow
Velocity of 10 inch/sec -> RE ~ 424 (laminar)
Note in 2D the hydraulic diameter (used in the Reynolds
Number) is twice the inlet height
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Set Preferences
Preferences provides a filter to prevent irrelevant information

from being presented.
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Establish Element Type
Main Menu: Preprocessor-> Element Type->Add/Edit/Delete
2 - Choose
1- Add
4 - Close
3 - OK
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Geometry - Create Inlet/Outlet Regions

Preprocessor>Modeling>Create Areas> Rectangle (By
Dimensions)
First
X1=0,X2=3
Y1=0,Y2=0.5
Click Apply
Second
X1=4,X2=8
Y1=0,Y2=1
Click OK
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The Two Rectangles
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Transition Region Between Them
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Create a smooth transition line between the two
Preprocessor>Modeling>Create Lines (Tangent to 2 Lines)
Follow the Instructions carefully in the resulting PICKERS

There will be four successive choices
Check your result with the following page.
The Smooth Transition Line

Tangency to two lines requires choosing the proper
endpoints..
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The Transition Area
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Preprocessor>Modeling>Create> Area >Arbitrary
Choose 4 keypoints in response to the PICKER, then OK
Geometry is Finished!!
Line Plot
Area Plot
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Boundary Conditions
Use Solid Model Boundary Conditions
Do not require require re-application upon re-meshing
Preprocessor>Loads>Apply>Velocity> Lines
We will apply Velocities and Pressures

Inlets are Velocity or Pressure
Outlets are Pressure
Walls: Velocities are zero
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The Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
These boundary conditions are typical
Proper condition at boundary intersections is determined by

FLOTRAN
Walls
Inlet:
VX=10,VY=0
Walls
Outlet
PRES = 0
Solid Model Boundary Conditions

Example for
Walls
4 - Input Values,
Do Endpoints of linesOK
1-Lines
3-OK
2-Pick These 6 Lines
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Remaining Boundaries.
Note that leaving a blank DOES NOT result in a zero
condition being applied..
Inlet
Outlet
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Control of the Display
To prevent display of these symbols:

Utility Menu: PlotCtrls>Symbols
Choose NONE and OK
This is a line plot after application of the

Boundary Conditions
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Preparation for Meshing

Use the Mesh Tool
Size Controls, Lines, Set
PICKER shows up and you choose the lines,OK
Set the number of divisions and the ratio, OK
Use these settings for line divisions Line Divisions

Lines
NDIV
Ratio
Transverse direction
12
-3
Inlet Region - flow direction
16
-2
Transition - flow direction
10
Outlet - flow direction
18
See next page for Mesh tool!
SAVE Database Before Meshing.
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Mesh Tool
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3 - OK
Use FLIP
if Line Bias
is reversed
2 - Choose Lines
Element Size Box
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Proper Line Divisions
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Four Different Groups of Lines must be done for this

problem
Remember to flip one of the outlet lines
Generally, Avoid large adjacent element size changes
The Four lines in the Y direction are the transverse lines
Inlet Lines
Transition
Outlet Lines
(Flipped!)
Meshing Step
Use the Mesh Tool
1: Choose Areas
2: Mapped
3: Quad
4: Mesh
PICKER comes up
Pick All
(Meshing Occurs)
5: Close Meshtool
3
2
4
5
Training Manual
Now You Have a Mesh!
Picture Made with Reverse Video

(PlotCtrls>Style>Color>ReverseVideo
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Now for the FLOTRAN Input

Enter FLOTRAN Setup through PREP7
or Solution
(Depending on Program Setup, you

may need to access Unabridged
Menu)
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FLOTRAN Setup
We will be making changes to these portions of the Menu.

NOW - Our Initial Analysis
LATER - Follow On Work
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Execution Control
Choose 50 Global
Iterations to Start with
We are not relying on the
automatic termination
criterion based on
problem convergence
OK!
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Fluid Properties
Choose AIR-IN for the
property type for
Density and Viscosity
using scroll down
menu.
OK
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Resulting Screen (click OK)
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(Thermal conductivity and Specific Heat not needed)
Flow Environment
Pressure: 14.7Psi
Nominal Temperature: 70F
Offset Temperature: 460R
OK!
Reference Conditions are

found as a subset:
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FLOTRAN Execution
Done in SOLUTION:
Run FLOTRAN
Execute 50 iterations, look at

the results and then run 50
more
Convergence monitors
indicate the normalized rate
of change of the solution
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Convergence Monitors
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More Convergence Monitors

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Post-Processing
FLOTRAN Post-Processing is fairly typical of ANSYS
Explicity read in a set of results (not automatically loaded)
Velocity Vectors
Nodal Solution Plots

Solid Color
Line Contours
Path Plots
Particle Traces
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Velocity Vectors
Plot Results>Predefined Vector Plot..OK
(Use this for Nodal
Solution Plots.)
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Vectors - Typical
after 100 Global Iterations
50 Global Iterations
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Nodal Results Plotting

Show up as solid color plots or lines depending on the
device chosen
Utility Menu>Plot Ctrls>Device Options
Shading or Contours
Choose DOF
OK
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Pressures (50, 100 Global Iterations)
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Results
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We also notice that the Convergence Monitors (Normalized

rate of change of each DOF) have leveled off.
This implies solution is slightly oscillatory
We will modify the input slightly, choosing the SUPG

(Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin) formulation for the
momentum equations
The SUPG algorithm is less diffusive and more accurate (but
sometimes less robust) than the default algorithm (MSU Monotone Streamline Upwind Method)
Also, set the number of Global Iterations to 100
We cant tell the difference between the velocity vector plots,

but it looks like the pressures have changed slightly.
Changing Advection
FLOTRAN Setup > Advection
OK!
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Convergence with SUPG
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Results
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We could continue, but you get the idea...
Use of SUPG has given enhanced convergence.
We should expect a less diffusive solution, and so the recirculation region may be better defined.
Comparison of Vectors at 100, 200 GI
Training Manual
Vectors at 200 GI show more extensive recirculation
Path Plots
Look at the profile of VX along the outlet
Procedure -Path Operations

Define Path by Nodes
Choose Nodes on either corner of the outlet
Map Onto Path
Choose VX and label it
Plot
On graph
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Set up the Path Plot
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Path plot
Pick the corner nodes
OK
Name the Path
OK
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Path plot - Still More

Read and dismiss the PDEF (path definition) box
Map Onto Path, Choose VX, Give it a Name, OK
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Path Plot - Almost Done

-Plot Path Item on Graph
Choose DOF, OK
And Then...
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Path Plot of the Outlet Velocity!
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Some Discussion
Modify the line colors as needed with the Utility Menu
PlotCtrls>Style>Colors>Graphs
Modify the plot controls as needed with Utility Menu

PlotCtrls>Style>Graphs
Result
Fully developed flow would show the outlet velocity profile as a
perfect parabola
Therefore, the problem domain could be lengthened to provide
room for more flow development
Check the Mass Balance
Training Manual
The Print File
Training Manual
Use the Utility Menu to Look at the bottom of the jobname.pfl

file
List > Files> Other> (choose jobname.pfl file)
Scan to the bottom
Mass balance looks good!!!
(If you had forgotten to put a No-Slip Boundary condition

somewhere, there would be another outlet listed.)
Massless Particle traces
Training Manual
Particle traces are based on the velocity field, not the stream
function.
For a steady state, perfectly converged problem on a perfect

mesh, the streamlines and particle trace plots would be
identical.
Procedure: Plot Results>Flow Traces

Define trace points with PICKER
Plot Flow Traces
Optionally color code trace with
the value of a DOF
Trace Points
The points defined on the Working Plane
Ensure, for 3D models, that the WP is correctly located!
The resolution of the trace point location is controlled by the

currently set Snap Increment (Working plane controls)
Training Manual
Particle Trace
Color Code According to PRES (or something else!)
Note Maximum number of loops allowd
OK
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Particle Trace
The maximum number of loops is exceeded in the
recirculation region. Close the box
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New Analysis
Increase the velocity from 10 to 200 (no other changes)
This makes the Reynolds Number ~8500
Solve the problem

Very Shortly you will get a message that either the solution has
diverged or that a negative value has been encountered in the
coefficient matrix main diagonal.
This is because the flow is now in the turbulence regime and

a laminar solution will be unstable.
So activate the turbulence model and again solve.
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FLOTRAN Solution Options

Activate Turbulence with Scroll Down Menu Option,OK
SOLVE
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Turbulent Flow Results
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Discussion
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Note that the maximum value of pressure is no longer at the

inlet. It has moved to the outlet !!!
Consider Bernoullis equation and note that in our new,

higher velocity problem the relative importance of the
viscosity has decreased.
The recoverable pressure due to the velocity change now
dramatically outweighs the viscous losses.
V12
V22
P1
gh1 P2
gh 2 Punrec
2g c
2g c
New Outlet Velocity Profile
A Fully developed flow would have the maximum value in the

center. This implies we should make the problem domain
longer.
Training Manual
Another New Analysis - Extend the

Problem
Outline of the steps required
Add another rectangle to the outlet
Try 15 additional inches
Remember to Merge Keypoints
Revise boundary conditions
Delete old pressure boundary
Pressure on new boundary
Walls
Training Manual
Training Manual
New Geometry
Completing the New Geometry
Preprocessor>Numbering Ctrls>Merge Items> Keypoints
As expected, the meshed line is kept
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New Boundary Conditions

Preprocessor>Loads>Delete>
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New Boundary Conditions
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Add the walls as done previously
Assign Zero pressure to the outlet line as done previously
Mesh the New Outlet Area

Use the Mesh tool to copy the transverse
direction assignment to the new outlet
boundary.
PICKER asks for the line to be copied from

(pick andOK) and then the line to be copied to
(pick and OK).
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Set Divisions Along Outlet
Then Mesh the New Area as in previous fashion
Flip the line after setting (when necessary)
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The Mesh
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Note that the symbols shown are the previously transferred

Nodal Boundary Conditions. The solid model boundary
conditions dont show up on an element plot.
The complete mesh with the symbols turned off..
Execute
Note that if you have not changed the jobname, FLOTRAN

will provide a notice to the effect that it has renamed the old
results file to jobname.rfo
This occurs because the number of nodes and elements in the
case has changed.
Other files such as the jobname.pfl are appended to, even
though this is a new analysis
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Convergence Monitors - more

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Results
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Two representations of pressure, the second in the vector

mode with 128 contours.
Note that the pressure drop, once the flow has recovered, is
very small.
We expect a good outlet velocity profile.
Recirculation Region
The recirculation region is captured

despite the relatively coarse mesh.
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Benefits of Extension
The lines are superimposed onto the new velocity vector plot.
It is clear that the flow is continuing to develop past the
original boundary of the problem.
Old Outlet
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Outlet Velocity Profile
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Final Check of Transverse Velocity
The flow is very close to fully developed. The following plot

of the transverse velocities at the outlet provides a measure
of how close it is. Note the scale. The maximum transverse
velocity is 0.11.
End of
Problem!
Training Manual

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Training Manual

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

The Example Problem

Flow of Air in a 2D duct.

Objective: Peform laminar analysis of a relatively slow

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

This is Duct which has a smooth transition to a larger area.

Units of Length - Inches

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Preferences provides a filter to prevent irrelevant information

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Establish Element Type

Main Menu: Preprocessor-> Element Type->Add/Edit/Delete

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Geometry - Create Inlet/Outlet Regions

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

The Two Rectangles

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Transition Region Between Them

Create a smooth transition line between the two

Preprocessor>Modeling>Create Lines (Tangent to 2 Lines)

Follow the Instructions carefully in the resulting PICKERS

Check your result with the following page.

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

The Smooth Transition Line

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

The Transition Area

Preprocessor>Modeling>Create> Area >Arbitrary

Choose 4 keypoints in response to the PICKER, then OK

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

We will apply Velocities and Pressures

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

The Boundary Conditions

These boundary conditions are typical

Proper condition at boundary intersections is determined by

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Solid Model Boundary Conditions

2-Pick These 6 Lines

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Control of the Display

To prevent display of these symbols:

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

This is a line plot after application of the

Preparation for Meshing

Use these settings for line divisions Line Divisions

Inlet Region - flow direction

Transition - flow direction

Outlet - flow direction

See next page for Mesh tool!

SAVE Database Before Meshing.

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Element Size Box

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Proper Line Divisions

Four Different Groups of Lines must be done for this

Remember to flip one of the outlet lines

Generally, Avoid large adjacent element size changes

The Four lines in the Y direction are the transverse lines

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN