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Lecture # 2

Computer Hardware

Computers are all around!

Grocery store
Schools
Libraries
Bank
Mail
Malls

We interact with computers everyday!

Computer System
A computer is an electronic device,
operating
under
the
control
of
instructions (software) stored in its
own memory unit, that can accept
data
(input),
manipulate
data
(process), and produce information
(output)
from
the
processing.
Generally, the term is used to describe
a collection of devices that function
together as a system.

Computer System
A computer is an electronic device used to process data.
A computer can convert data into information that is
useful to people.

A complete computer system includes four distinct


parts:
Hardware
Software
Data
User

Understanding Computer
A computer is a

programmable
machine that
receives input, stores
and manipulates
data/information,
and provides output
in a useful format.

Computers consist of
hardware and software.
Hardware
All the machinery
and equipment in
a computer
system

Software
All the instructions
that tell the
computer how to
If you can touch it, itsperform a task
hardware

Off and On
Computers only recognize off and on,
like a light switch
These switches are represented as
binary digits or bits
Instructions and data are composed
only of a series of bits

Why Is A Computer So Powerful?


The ability to perform the information processing
cycle with amazing speed.
Reliability (low failure rate).
Accuracy.
Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information.
Ability to communicate with other computers

How Does a Computer Know what to


do?
It must be given a detailed list of
instructions, called a compute program,
algorithms or software, that tells it
exactly what to do.
Before processing a specific job, the
computer program corresponding to that
job must be stored in memory.
Once the program is stored in memory the
computer can start the operation by
executing the program instructions one
after the other.

What Are The Primary Components


Of A Computer ?
Input devices.
Central Processing Unit (containing the control
unit and the arithmetic/logic unit).
Memory.
Output devices.
Storage devices.

How a Computer System Works

Storage
Information

Data
Input

Process

Output

Function of Computer System


Data handling
I
P
O
S

Input
Process
Output
Storage

01101111
10001111
01101010 10000000
01001010

Off and On
Computers only recognize off and on,
like a light switch
These switches are represented as
binary digits or bits
Instructions and data are composed
only of a series of bits

HARDWARE: Your Physical Interface


A binary digit (bit) is the smallest unit of
information that your computer can
process.
A bit can be either 1 (on) or 0 (off).
ASCII is a common coding system used to
represent all characters, symbols and
numbers in binary form.
In ASCII a group of 8 bits is called a byte.

HARDWARE: Your Physical Interface


Example:

If you type cool on the keyboard, your


keyboard would change it into four bytes as
follows:
01000011
C

01001111 01001111 01001100


o
o
l

Bytes
Eight bits form a single byte
00110011 is One Byte of Information

Byte Values:
00000000 = 0
11111111 = 255

As a result, binary numbers almost always


written as a full byte (00000001).

We count in Base 10 (Decimal)

1
100
19
18
17
16
15
99
98
97
96
95
14
13
12
11
10
24
23
22
21
20
91
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Ran out of symbols (0-9), so increment the digit on the left by one unit.

Computers count in Base 2 (Binary)


Counting in Binary is the same, but
with only two symbols
On (1)
Off (0)

10000
1111
1110
1101
1100
1011
1010
1001
1000
111
101
100
110
11
10
1
0

Converting Binary to Decimal

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
128

64

32

16

128 + 0 + 32 + 0 + 8

+ 4 + 0 + 0

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172

Converting Binary to Decimal

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
128

64

32

16

0 + 64 + 0 + 16 + 0

+ 0 + 0 + 1

64 + 16 + 1 = 81

Converting Binary to Decimal

- 128

64

- -
8 4 2 1
32 16

0 + 0 + 0 + 16 + 0

+ 4 + 2 + 1

16 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 23

Size Matters
Computer memory and storage capacities
are represented by their size (megs, gigs,
etc)

1 , 0 = 1 bit
4 bits = 1 hex character (nibble)
8 bits = 1 byte
2^10 = 1,024 bytes or 1 Kilobyte (thousand)
2^20 = 1,048,576 bytes or 1 Megabyte
(million)
2^30 = 1,073,741,824 or 1 Gigabyte (billion)
2^40 = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes or
1 Terabyte (trillion)

Generic Input devices


Accept data or commands and convert
them to electronic form
Getting data into the computer
Typing on a keyboard
Pointing with a mouse
Scanning with a wand reader or bar-code
reader

Generic Input Devices


Keyboard
Data
is
entered
by
manually typing certain
keys.
gaming keyboard

A keyboard typically has


101 or 105 keys.
Most keyboards use the
QWERTY layout, named
for the first six keys in
the top row of letters.
Rollup Keyboards

Generic Input Devices


MOUSE
Is a pointing device which
is used to control the
movement of a mouse
pointer on the screen to
make selections from the
screen.
The bottom of the mouse
contains a mechanism
that detects movement of
the mouse.

Specialized Input De
vices

Output devices
Convert from electronic form to some other
form
May display the processed results
Usable information
Monitor or screen

Text
Numbers
Symbols
Art
Photographs
Video

Printer
Black and white
Color

Output Devices
Output devices make the information
resulting from the processing available for
use. The two output devices are as follows:

Printer

Monitor

Printer
The printer produces a hard copy of your
output, and the computer screen produces a
soft copy of your output.

Output Devices
Monitor
There are two basic types of
monitors:
CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors
LCD (liquid crystal display)
monitors.
Both types produce sharp images,
but LCD monitors have the
advantage of being much thinner
and lighter. CRT monitors,
however, are generally more
affordable

The Processor
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Converts data to useful information
Interpret and execute instructions
Communicate with input, output and
storage

Motherboard
The motherboard is the
computer's main circuit board.
It's a thin plate that holds the
CPU, memory, connectors for
the hard disk drive and optical
drives, expansion cards to
control the video and audio,
as well as various external
ports and peripherals.
The motherboard connects
directly or indirectly to every
part of the computer.

Computer Memory
Computer
Memoryare internal
storage areas in the
computer.
used to either
temporarily or
permanently store
data or instructions
to be processed.

Computer Memory

Memory

Internal
Memory

External
Memory

Volatile
Memory

NonVolatile
Memory

Sequentia
l Access

RAM

ROM

Tape
Drive

Random
Access

Compact
Disk

Hard Disk

Flash Disk
/Floppy
Disk

Memory
What are the two types of memory in the system unit?

Volatile memory
Memory
volatile

Loses
Loses its
itscontents
contents
when
when
the
computer's
the computer's
power ispower
turnedis
off
turned off

nonvolatile memory

Does not lose its


contents when the
computers power is
turned off

What is random access memory


(RAM)?

Also called primary storage and main memory,


chips that temporarily holds software instructions and
data before and after it is processed by the CPU.
RAM is the working memory of the computer.

What is read-only memory (ROM)?

Memory chips that contain data, instructions, or information


that is recorded permanently

Data can only


be read,
cannot be
modified

Nonvolatile
Contents not lost
when the
computer is
turned off

BIOS
(basic input/output system)
Stored on ROM
Sequence of instructions
the computer follows to
load the operating system
and other files when you
first turn on the computer

Memory
Memory also called Random Access
Memory or RAM (temporary memory) is
the main memory of the computer. It
consists of electronic components that
store data including numbers, letters of
the alphabet, graphics and sound. Any
information stored in RAM is lost when
the computer is turned off.
Read Only Memory or ROM is memory
that is engraved on a chip that has
start-up directions for your computer. It
is permanent memory.
40

Two Types of Storage


Secondary storage
long-term storage
Primary storage or memory
temporary storage

Storage Devices
Primary Storage Devices
Also known as internal memory and main memory.
The fastest type of memory in your computer and is
used to store data while it's being used.
Computer RAM and cache are both examples of a
primary storage device.
For example, when you open a program data is moved
from the secondary storage into the primary storage.
Unless this information is saved to a Secondary
Storage Device, it will be lost when the computer is
powered down.

Storage Devices
RAM (Random Access
Memory)
Computers short-term
memory.
Data is temporarily stored
here until you save your work
to the hard disk.
RAM is used by the system to
store data that is processed
by a computer's CPU.

Secondary Storage Devices


Secondary Storage Devices
Also known as external memory and auxiliary
storage, secondary storage
Used to store data when they are not being
used in memory.
The most common types of auxiliary
storage used on personal computers are:
floppy disks, hard disks, CD-ROM drives,
USB

Secondary Storage Devices


Floppy Disks
A portable, inexpensive storage
medium that consists of a thin,
circular, flexible plastic disk with
a magnetic coating enclosed in a
square-shaped plastic shell.
Initially Floppy disks were 8inches wide, they then shrank to
5.25 inches, and today the most
widely used floppy disks are 3.5
inches wide and can typically
store 1.44 megabytes of data.

Structure Of Floppy Disks


Initially Floppy disks were 8-inches wide, they
then shrank to 5.25 inches, and today the
most widely used folly disks are 3.5 inches
wide and can typically store 1.44 megabytes of
data.
A floppy disk is a magnetic disk, which means
that it used magnetic patterns to store data.
Data in floppy disks can be read from and
written to.
Formatting is the process of preparing a disk
for reading and writing.
A track is a narrow recording band that forms a
full circle on the surface of the disk.

Structure Of Floppy Disks


The disks storage locations are divided
into pie-shaped sections called sectors.
A sectors is capable of holding 512
bytes of data.
A typical floppy stores data on both
sides and has 80 tracks on each side
with 18 sectors per track.

Secondary Storage Devices


Hard Disks
Consists of one or more rigid metal
plates coated with a metal oxide
material that allows data to be
magnetically
recorded
on
the
surface of the platters.
The hard disk platters spin at a
high rate of speed, typically 5400
to 7200 revolutions per minute
(RPM).
Storage capacities of hard disks for
personal computers range from 10
GB to 120 GB.

Secondary Storage Devices


Compact Discs (CD)
Also called an optical disc, is a flat
round, portable storage medium that is
usually 4.75 inch in diameter.
Standard CD can hold 700MB of data,
around 80minutes of CD quality audio,
or up to 60minutes of video.
The later standard called the DVD
(Digital Versatile Disc) is still an optical
media much like the CD but with much
greater capacities, starting at 4.7GB at
the low end to as high as 17GB.

Secondary Storage Devices


USB Drive (Universal Serial
Bus)
Also known as a flash drive or
keychain drive.
It is a plug-and-play, portable
storage device.
can be used in place of a floppy
disk, Zip drive disk, or CD.
Available in capacities ranging
up to about 65 GB.

Put all the hardware together and

Types of Computers
Depending upon their speed and
memory size, computers are
classified into following four
main groups.
Supercomputer.
Mainframe computer.
Mini computer.
Microcomputer

Supercomputers

High-capacity machines with hundreds of


thousands of processors that can perform
over 1 trillion calculations per second. E.g
IBM ASCI White, Cray
Used where High Performance computing
is required
Usually used for weather forecasting,
Missile simulations, Nuclear Fusion
simulations
IBM ASCI White
IBM ASCI White

Mainframes
Water- or air-cooled
computers that vary in
size from small, to
medium, to large,
depending on their use.
E.g IBM AS/400
Normally Dumb
Terminals are connected
to these main frames.
Processing is done by
Main Frames
Dumb terminals only
have keyboard,
monitors

VP2400 mainframe

Workstations
Expensive, powerful
computers usually
used for complex
scientific,
mathematical, and
engineering
calculations and for
computer-aided
design and computeraided manufacturing.
e.g. Sun blade 2500
Sun Microsystems workstation

Microcomputers
A Desk Top Personal Computer
Your home computers Celeron
Now Desktop and Workstations are
combining. i.e Your PC is also becoming
powerful enough

Microcomputers
A Tower Case Personal Computer

Sony tower PC

Microcomputers
A Lap Top Personal Computer
Lightweight portable computers with built-in monitor,
keyboard, hard-disk drive, battery and AC adapter.

Microcomputers
A Personal Digital
Assistant
Getting Very popular
Personal organization
tools-schedule
planners, address
books, to-do lists, send
e-mail and faxes.
New generation that
incorporates mobile
phone and
microcomputer.
HP 5555

Thank You

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