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Networking Fundamentals
Chapter 3
TCP/IP
Objectives
Discuss the origins of TCP/IP
Identify and discuss the different layer functions of
TCP/IP
Describe the functions performed by protocols in the
TCP/IP protocol suite, including ICMP, UDP, TCP,
ARP, and RARP
Objectives (continued)
Use Ping and Trace and describe their functions
Explain how packets are transmitted
Describe the Cisco three-layer hierarchical model
Origins of TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
Resulted from a coordinated effort by the U.S.
Department of Defense (DOD)
Application Layer
Protocols at the TCP/IP Application layer include:
Transport Layer
Performs end-to-end packet delivery, reliability, and
flow control
Protocols:
TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented
communications between two hosts
Requires more network overhead
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Internetwork Layer
Four main protocols function at this layer
ARP
A routed protocol
Maps IP addresses to MAC addresses
ARP tables contain the MAC and IP addresses of other
devices on the network
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ARP request
If a source computer cannot locate an IP to MAC
address mapping in its ARP table
It must obtain the correct mapping
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RARP client
Once a RARP client receives a RARP reply, it
configures its IP networking components
By copying its IP address configuration information into
its local RAM
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Network to Network
Routers maintain routing tables that they use to
route packets from one network to another
When a network uses TCP/IP, each port on a router
requires an IP address
Allows the router to correctly forward the packet to the
appropriate network segment
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Routing Packets
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Access Layer
The layer closest to the users, where they attach to
the network
Could be a router if the network is very small
But typically a hub or layer 2 switch
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Distribution Layer
Separates the Access layer from the Core layer
Implements network policies, and provides many
networking services
Such as Network Address Translation (NAT), firewall
protection, and quality of service (QoS)
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Core Layer
Responsible for switching large amounts of data
quickly and efficiently
To prevent slowing down the switching process:
This layer should not be burdened with security or
traffic control measures or any unnecessary additional
equipment
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Summary
TCP/IP is not limited to transmission control and
Internet protocols
TCP/IP was started by the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
TCP/IP maps to a four-layer network model:
Application, Transport, Internetwork, and Network
Interface
The Application layer in the TCP/IP model covers
the Application, Presentation, and Session layers of
the OSI reference model
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Summary (continued)
The TCP and UDP protocols reside at the
Transport layer of the TCP/IP networking model
Both TCP and UDP use port numbers from 1 to
65,535 to establish their communications between
two points
The Internet Protocol (IP) resides at the
Internetwork layer and provides the logical address
that can be passed through a router
You can use the Ping utility with IP and ICMP to
diagnose and troubleshoot network connections
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Summary (continued)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse
ARP (RARP) reside in the Internetwork layer
The MAC address is the final leg of communication
between hosts
Routing tables can be created manually and
dynamically
Cisco developed the Three-Layer Hierarchical
model to help network administrators design more
efficient networks
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