By Rajendra

http://powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com Kumawat

Satellite
Communication

What is satellite?
Satellite is a repeater in the
Receives uplink frequencies and translates to
sky.
downlink
frequencies and transmits back to the earth station
afterThe translation is done to avoid +ve feed
back.Trying to
amplification
receive and transmit an amplified version of the same

uplink waveform at the same satellite will cause

unwanted feedback, or ring around, from the downlink
antenna back into the receiver

What is a communications satellite and how does it

work?
A communications satellite is a radio relay station in orbit above the earth that
receives, amplifies, and redirects analog and digital signals carried on a specific
radio frequency.
In addition to communications satellites.
In satcom the satellite acts as a media for the data transfer between the source and
destination.
Between the source and destination we use a pair of frequencies to communicate.
The Satellite acts as a frequency translator and amplifier.

What are the different kinds of orbits?

An orbit is the path that a satellite follows as it revolves around Earth. In terms of
commercial satellites, there are three main categories of orbits:

LEO( Low Earth Orbit)

500-2,000 km above the earth
These orbits are much closer to the Earth, requiring satellites to travel at a very
high speed in
order to avoid being pulled out of orbit by Earth's gravity
At LEO, a satellite can circle the Earth in approximately one and a half hours

 MEO( Medium Earth

Orbit)

8,000-20,000 km above the earth

These orbits are primarily reserved for communications satellites that cover the
North and
South Pole
MEO's are placed in an elliptical (oval-shaped) orbit

 GEO ( Geosynchronous

35,786 km above the earth

Orbit)
Orbiting at the height of 22,282 miles above the equator (35,786 km), the

satellite
travels in the same direction and at the same speed as the Earth's rotation on its
axis,
taking 24 hours to complete a full trip around the globe. Thus, as long as a
satellite is
positioned over the equator in an assigned orbital location, it will appear to be
"stationary" with respect to a specific location on the Earth.
A single geostationary satellite can view approximately one third of the
Earth's surface.
If three satellites are placed at the proper longitude, the height of this orbit allows
almost all of the Earth's surface to be covered by the satellites.

Polar Orbiting
Satellite

These satellites orbit the earth in such a way as to cover the north and south
polar regions.

These satellites if in a low earth orbit have to travel at a very high speed.
These satellites can be kept in low earth orbit (800 -900 km) or at 36000km
apart.

Geo-Synchronous
Satellite
Orbit on the equatorial plane - appears stationary

Altitude of 36000 Kms.

Circular orbit around earth with period of 24 hours.
Coverage of about 1/3 of Earth.
2 deg. apart. Identified by Longitudinal position with ref. to
Greenwich.

Advantage Of Geostationary
Satellite
Simple ground station tracking
requirements.

Removes Satellite hand-over

problems.

Negligible Doppler shift

Inclined Orbit
Satellite

A disadvantage of Geostationary satellites is that points on Earth

beyond about 80 deg latitude are not visible.

Inclined orbits, on the other hand can provide visibility to the

higher
northern and southern latitudes, although they require earth stations
to continually track the satellite.

Technical
Term

Geosynchronous
Transponder
Footprint
Frequency
Polarization
Path Propagation
Timing
Satellite Access
Link Performance

Geosynchronous
Geosynchronous means that the satellite is synchronized with the earth in time and
direction. It means that is time taken by a satellite to complete its orbit around earth is
equal to the time taken by to earth rotates around its own axis.

Transponder
Frequency band on the satellite is divided into several channels. Each channels are
called transponder Each transponder have 40 MHz.

Satellite Footprint
Coverage of entire surface of earth that is visible by the
satellite.

Frequency Bands use in Satellite

Communication
Frequenc
y Band
L-Band

Range
1 to 1.5 GHz

S-Band
C-Band
X-Band
Ku-Band

1 to 3.9 GHz
3.9 to 8 GHz
8 to 12.5 GHz
10.95 to 18 GHz

K-Band

18 to 26.5 GHz

Ka-Band

26.5 to 40 GHz

Advantages And Disadvantages of Different Frequency

Band
C-Band
Adv. : Broad Footprint, little rain fade
Disadv. : Weak signals, interference, large antenna sizes
and amplifiers
ExC-Band
Adv.. : Broad Footprint, little rain fade, less interference
Disadv. : Week signals, large antenna sizes and amplifiers
Ku-Band
Adv. : Focused Foot prints, no terrestrial interference
small antenna and amplifier
Disadv. : Interference to rain.
Ka-Band
Adv. : Focused Foot prints, large unused
bandwidths
Disadv. : Interference to rain.

Satellites Uplink And Downlink Frequency in Different

Bands
FREQUE UPLINK DOWNLI
NCY
NK
BAND
C-Band 5.925- 3.7006.425
4.200
Ex.C6.725- 4.500Band
7.025
4.800
Ku-Band 14.00- 10.9514.50
12.75
Ka-Band 30.00
20.00

** all frequencies are in

GHz.

VSAT Technology in Satellite Communication

VSAT stands for Very Small Aperture Terminal

It is a two way satellite ground station.
VSATs are most commonly used to transmit narrowband data or
broadband data.

VSATs access satellites in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from

small remote
earth stations (terminals) to other terminals or master earth station "hubs.

Satellite
Link

Satellit
e

Uplink
Downlin
k

Remote VSAT
1

Remote VSAT
2
Earth Station
(HUB)

VSAT System
Architecture
Topologie
s
Star Topology

As the Hub is a powerful receiver and retransmitter , the remote VSAT

sites are
comparatively small.

A central uplink site, such as a Network Operation Center (NOC), to

transport
data back and forth to each VSAT terminal via satellite

VSATs communicate to Hub on Inroutes and the Hub Communicates to

VSATs on
the Outroute

Mesh Topology

Each VSAT terminal relays data via satellite to another terminal by acting as
a hub, minimizing the need for a centralized uplink site.

VSATs are comparatively larger as they have to communicate directly with

each other

VSATs communicate directly with each other, Hub will be involved only for
call
setup and then fade out.( Hub will not be involved in permanent Circuits)

Parts Of
VSATs

Antenna
Block Up Converter (BUC)
Low Noise Block Converter
(LNB)

Orthomode Transducer
(OMT)

Interfacility Link Cable (IFL)

Indoor Unit (IDU)

Types Of
Antenna
Prime Focus
Antenna

Single Reflector Antenna.

Feed horn is placed at the Focal point

of the Reflector.
Antenna Electronics are placed on
Feed.
More susceptible to Interference from
Low elevation sources.
More Blockage because feed.
Antenna Efficiency is in the range of
60%.
Low Cost Antenna.
Primarily Used for Receive only
applications.

Cassagrain
Antenna

Main reflector is Paraboloid

Sub-Reflector is hyperboloid and
placed at Prime Focus

Feed is Corrugated Horn and is

placed at Center of the Main
Reflectors.

The paraboloid converges towards

the Sub Reflector ( prime focus),
which is then reflected by SubReflector to form a Spherical Wave
converging on the Feed.

Gregarion
Antenna

Main reflector is Paraboloid

Sub-Reflector is Paraboloid and
placed at Prime Focus

Feed is Corrugated Horn and is

placed at Center of the Main
Reflectors.

The paraboloid converges towards

the Sub Reflector ( prime focus),
which is then reflected by SubReflector to form a Spherical Wave
converging on the Feed.

Offset Fed
Antenna

Used for Smaller Earth Stations.

Main Reflector is a section of
Parabolic, cutoff above the axis.

Feed is located below the axis

giving a completely unblocked
Aperture.

High Antenna efficiency.

Block Up-Converter
(BUC)

A BUC (Block Up-Converter) takes an LBand input and transmits it upstream to

the satellite on Ka, Ku, or C band.

BUC's are rated according to their output

power. A low power Ka-Band BUC can
transmit with as little as 2 watts, while a
high power C-Band BUC can transmit with
as much as 200 watts.

Low Noise Block

Converter(LNB)

It is typically mounted at the focal point of the

receiving parabolic dish.
It's primarily used to amplify and convert
received
satellite signals into frequencies compatible with
the satellite receiver.

Orthomode Transducer
(OMT)

OMT is 3-port microwave waveguide

system that split input power into two
parts, allow the simultaneous operation of
two outdoor radio units

OMT can be directly mounted on the

antennas that have circular waveguide
connector.

Interfacility Link Cable

(IFL)

Interfacility Link (IFL) Distribution

Cable is an indoor rated,
connectorized
cable assembly that is used within a
building to connect a fiber feeder
splice
point to an optical connector
distribution panel.

The cable can be terminated with

connectors at one or both ends in
conjunction with various styles of fanout kits at any breakout length.

Indoor Unit
(IDU)

Its Satellite Modem consists of Modulator

and
Demodulator.
The IDU also determines the access
schemes
under which the VSAT would operate.
The IDU also interfaces with various end
user
equipment, ranging from stand alone
computers,
LAN's, routers, multiplexes, telephone
instruments, EPABX as per the requirement.