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CHAPTER 2

FLUID STATICS

INTRODUCTION
The term pressure refers to the effects of a force acting
against and distributed over a surface. The force may be exerted
by a solid, liquid or gas. Often, the force causing the pressure is
simply the weight of the material.
Pressure is a very important factor in many fluid mechanics
and hydraulics problems. As will be related subsequently in this
chapter, pressure exerted by a fluid varies directly with depth.
Hence, the pressure at the bottom of a dam is considerably
greater than that near the top of the dam, and enormous
pressures can act on a submarine at the oceans bottom.
Needless to say, pressure effects such as these must be taken
into account in designing structures such a dams and
submarines.

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1.

For the dam shown in Fig. 2-1, find the horizontal


pressure acting on the face of the dam at 20-ft depth.

SOLUTION

2. For the vessel containing glycerin under pressure as


shown in Fig. 2-2, find the pressure at the bottom of the
tank.

SOLUTION

3. If the pressure in a tank is 50 psi, find the equivalent


pressure head of (a) water, (b) mercury and (c) heavy fuel
oil with a specific gravity of 0.92.
SOLUTION

(a)
(b)
(c)

4. A weather report indicates the barometric pressure to be 29.75


in of mercury. What is the atmospheric pressure in pounds per
square inch?
SOLUTION

5. Find the atmospheric pressure in kilopascals if a mercury


barometer reads 742 mm.
SOLUTION

6. A pressure gauge 7.0 m above the bottom of a tank containing a


liquid reads 64.94 kpa, another gage 4.0 m reads 87.53 kpa.
Compute the specific weight and mass density of the fluid.
SOLUTION

7. An open tank contains 5.7 m of water covered with 2.8 m of


kerosene (=8.0 kN/m3 ). Find the pressure at the interface and at
the bottom of the tank.
SOLUTION

8. If the absolute pressure in a gas is 40.0 psia and the


atmospheric pressure is 846 mbar abs, find the gage pressure in
(a) lb/in2 , (b) kPa, (c) bar.
SOLUTION

9. The closed tank in Fig. 2-3 is at 200 C. If the pressure at


point A is 98 kPa abs, what is the absolute pressure at point B?
What percent error results from neglecting the specific weight
of the air?
SOLUTION

10. The system in Fig. 2-4 is at 70 F.


0 If the pressure at point A is
2900 lb/ft2 , determine the pressure at point B, C and D.
SOLUTION

11. The air-oil-water system shown in Fig. 2-13 is at 70 F.


0 If gage
A reads 16.1 lb/in2 abs and gage reads 2.00 lb/in2 less than gage
C, compute (a) the specific weight of the oil and (b) the reading
of gage C.
SOLUTION

12. The hydraulic jack shown in Fig. 2-17 is filled with oil at
55lb/ft2 . Neglecting the weight of the two piston, what force F
on the handle is required to support the 2200-lb weight?
SOLUTION

13. A manometer is attached to a tank containing three


different fluids as shown in Fig. 2-20. What will be the
difference in elevation of the mercury column in the
manometer?
SOLUTION

14. A manometer is attached to a pipe to measure, as shown in


Fig. 2-31. Calculate the pressure at point A.
SOLUTION

15. For the configuration in Fig. 2-36, calculate the


weight of the piston if the gage pressure reading is 70 kPa.
SOLUTION

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