Chapter 2

THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY

OUTLINE

Why Time Value

Future Value of a Single Amount

Future Value of an Annuity
Present Value of a Single
Amount
Present Value of an Annuity

WHY TIME VALUE

A rupee today is more valuable than a rupee
a year hence.
Why ?
Preference for current consumption over
future
consumption
Productivity of capital
Inflation
Many financial problems involve cash flows
occurring at different points of time. For
evaluating such cash flows, an explicit
consideration of time value of money is

NOTATION
PV

: Present value

FVn : Future value n years hence

Ct : Cash flow occurring at the end of year t
A : A stream of constant periodic cash flow
over a
given time
r : Interest rate or discount rate
g : Expected growth rate in cash flows
n : Number of periods over which the cash
flows
occur.

DOUBLING PERIOD
Thumb Rule : Rule of 72
72
Doubling period =
Interest rate
Interest rate : 15 percent
72
Doubling period =
= 4.8 years
15
A more accurate thumb rule : Rule of 69
69
Doubling period =
0.35
Interest +
rate

Interest rate

: 15 percent
69
Doubling period = 15
= 4.95 years
0.35

FUTURE VALUE OF A SINGLE AMOUNT

Rs
First year: Principal at the beginning
Interest for the year
(Rs.1,000 x 0.10)
100
Principal at the end
1,100

1,000

Second year: Principal at the beginning

Interest for the year
(Rs.1,100 x 0.10)
110
Principal at the end
1,210

1,100

Third year:
Principal at the beginning
Interest for the year
(Rs.1,210 x 0.10)
121
Principal at the end
1,331

1,210

FORMULA
FUTURE VALUE = PRESENT VALUE (1+r)n

PRESENT VALUE OF A SINGLE AMOUNT

PV = FVn [1/ (1 + r)n]
n/r

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

0.890

0.857

0.826

0.797

0.770

0.792

0.735

0.683

0.636

0.592

0.705

0.630

0.565

0.507

0.456

0.626

0.540

0.467

0.404

0.351

10

0.558

0.463

0.386

0.322

0.270

12

0.497

0.397

0.319

0.257

0.208

What would be the present value of Rs 1000 to be received

three years hence if interest rate is 10% ?
1,000 [ 1/ ( 1+ 0.1) 3 ]
1/1.1,* =,=,=
1000*0.7513 = 751

PRESENT VALUE OF AN UNEVEN SERIES

A1
PVn =
+
(1 + r)
n
=
t =1

A2
+ +
(1 + r)2

An
(1 + r)n

At

(1 + r)t

Year
Cash Flow
PVIF12%,n Present Value of
Rs.
Individual Cash Flow
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
5,000

0.893
0.797
0.712
0.636
0.567
0.507
0.452
0.404

Present Value of the Cash Flow Stream

893
1,594
1,424
1,908
1,701
2,028
1,808
2,020
13,376

FUTURE VALUE OF AN ANNUITY

An annuity is a series of periodic cash flows
(payments and
receipts ) of equal amounts

1
1,000

1,000

1,000

5
1,000

1,000

+
1,100
+
1,210
+
1,331
+
1,464

Future value of an annuity =

Rs.6,105

A [(1+r)n-1]
r

PRESENT VALUE OF AN ANNUITY

1
(1+r)Present value of an
n

annuity =

1
-

Value of PVIFAr,n for Various Combinations of r and

n
n/r
2

6%
1.833

8 % 10 % 12 % 14 %
1.783 1.737 1.690 1.647

4 3.465 3.312 3.170 3.037 2.914

6 4.917 4.623 4.355 4.111 3.889
8 6.210 5.747 5.335 4.968 4.639
10 7.360 6.710 6.145 5.650 5.216
12 8.384 7.536 6.814 6.194 5.660

Q1. You want to buy a house after 5 years when it is expected to cost Rs 2
million. How much should you save annually if your savings earn a
compound return of 12 %.
Q2. Futura Ltd has an obligation to redeem Rs 500 million bonds 6 years
hence. How much should the company deposit annually in a sinking fund
account wherein it earns 14 % interest to cumulate Rs 500 million in 6
years time?
Q3. A finance company advertises that it will pay a lump sum of Rs 8,000
at the end of 6 years to investors who deposit annually Rs 1000 for 6
years. What interest rate is implicit in this offer ?
Q4.Suppose you have decided to deposit Rs.30,000 per year in your Public
Provident Fund Account for 30 years. What will be the accumulated
amount in your Public Provident Fund Account at the end of 30 years if the
interest rate is 11 percent?

Q5.
You want to take a trip to the moon which costs
Rs 10,00,000- The cost is expected to remain
unchanged in nominal terms. You can save
annually Rs 50,000 to fulfill your desire. How long
will you have to wait if your savings earn an
interest of 12 % p.a

QI. Annual savings =

20,00,000 / {[ ( 1.12 ) 5 1] / 0.12 }
= 20,00,000 / 6.353
= Rs 3,14,812
Q2.
= 500 million / 8.536 = Rs 58.578 million
Q3.
8,000 = 1000 [ ( 1 + r )6 1 ] / r
FVIFA r,6 = 8
Look at FVIFA table corresponding to 6
years
= 12 %

Q4.
50,000 x FVIFAn=?,12% = 10,00,000
You will have to wait for about 11
years.

LOAN AMORTISATION SCHEDULE

Loan : 10,00,000 r = 15%, n = 5 years
1,000,000 = A x PVAn =5, r =15%
= A x 3.3522
A = 298,312
Year
Beginning
Remaining
Amount

Installment

(1)

3 681,129
484,986

Interest
Repayment

(2)

1 10,00,000
851,688
2
681,129

Annual

(3)
298,312

851,688

Balance

(2)-(3) = (4)

(1)-(4) = (5)

150,000

298,312

298,312

Principal

148,312

127,753

170,559

102,169

4 484,986
259,422

298,312

727,482

5 259,422

298,312

38,913

196,143
225,564
259,399

23

a Interest is calculated by multiplying the beginning loan balance by the

Equated monthly installment

Q5. Loan = 10,00,000, Interest = 1% p.m,
Repayment period = 180 months
Calculate EMI
Q6. You can afford to pay Rs 12,000 per month for
3 years towards a new car. You call a finance
company and learn that the growth rate of
interest on car finance is 1.5 % pm for 36 months.
How much can you borrow ?
Q7.You want to borrow Rs 10,80,000 to buy a flat.
You approach a housing finance company which
charges 12 % interest p.a . You can pay Rs
1,80,000 per year towards loan amortization.

Q5

PV A = A * [ 1 -

1 / ( 1 + r ) n]
r

10,00,000 = A [ 1 1 / ( 1.01 )

180

0.01
A = Rs 12,000
Q6. PVA = 12000 * [ 1 - 1 / ( 1 + 0.015 )

36

0.015
= 12000 * 27.66
=

331920

Q7. 1080000 = 180000 * [ 1 1 / ( 1 + 0.12 ) n ]

0.12
N= 12 years

PRESENT VALUE OF A GROWING ANNUITY

A cash flow that grows at a constant rate for a specified
period of time is a growing annuity. The time line of a
growing annuity is shown below:
A(1 + g)
0

A(1 + g)2

A(1 + g)n
n

The present value of a growing annuity can be determined

using the following formula :
(1 + 1g)
n
(1 + r)n
PV of a Growing Annuity = A (1 + g)
rg
The above formula can be used when the growth rate is less
than the discount rate (g < r) as well as when the growth rate
is more than the discount rate (g > r). However, it does not
work when the growth rate is equal to the discount rate
(g = r) in this case, the present value is simply equal to n

PRESENT VALUE OF A GROWING ANNUITY

Q8. Suppose you have the right to

harvest a teak plantation for the next
20 years over which you expect to get
100,000 cubic feet of teak per year.
The current price per cubic foot of
teak is Rs 500, but it is expected to
increase at a rate of 8 percent per
year. The discount rate is 15 percent.
Find out present value of the teak
that you can harvest from the teak
forest

Q8
PV of teak =
500 * 1,00,000 ( 1 + 0.08 ) [ 1- ( 1 +
0.08 ) 20 ]
(1 +
0.15 ) 20
0.15
0.08
= Rs 55,17,36,683

PRESENT VALUE OF PERPETUITY

A
Present value of perpetuity =
r

Example
The present value of a perpetuity of
Rs 10000 if interest rate is 10 % :
PV = 10000/ 0.10 = Rs 100000

SHORTER

COMPOUNDING

Future value = Present value

m
Where r

PERIOD
1 +

= nominal annual interest rate

m = number of times compounding is

done in a
year
n = number of years over which
compounding is
done
Example : you deposit Rs.5000, 12
percent, 4 times a year, 6 years
FV = 5000(1+ 0.12/4)4x6 = 5000
24

m*n

EFFECTIVE

VERSUS

NOMINAL RATE

r = (1+k/m)m 1
r = effective rate of interest
k = nominal rate of interest
m = frequency of compounding per year
Example : k = 8 percent, m=4
r = (1+.08/4)4 1 = 0.0824
= 8.24 percent
Nominal and Effective Rates of Interest
Effective Rate %

Nominal
Annual
Monthly
Rate %
Compounding
Compounding
8
8.00
8.16
12
12.00

Semi-annual
Compounding

Quarterly
Compounding

8.24
12.36

8.30
12.55

12.68

SUMMING UP
Money has time value. A rupee today is more
valuable than a
rupee a year hence.
The general formula for the future value of a
single amount
is :
Future value = Present value (1+r)n
The value of the compounding factor, (1+r)n,
depends on the
interest rate (r) and the life of the
investment (n).
According to the rule of 72, the doubling
period is obtained

 An annuity is a series of periodic cash flows

(payments and
receipts) of equal amounts. The future value
of an annuity is:
Future value of an annuity
= Constant periodic flow [(1+r)n 1)/r]
The process of discounting, used for
calculating the present
value, is simply the inverse of compounding.
The present
value of a single amount is:
Present value = Future value x 1/(1+r)n
The present value of an annuity is:
Present value of an annuity
= Constant periodic flow [1 1/
(1+r)n] /r
A perpetuity is an annuity of infinite duration.

FV = PV ( 1+ r ) n
FV = PV * FVIF ( r , n )
PV = FV *

1 / ( 1+ r ) n

PV = FV * PVIF

(r,n)

FVAn = A * [ ( 1 + r )n

- 1]
r

FV A

= A * FVIFA

(r,n)

PV An

A * [ 1-

PV An

A * PVIF

1 / ( 1 + r )n ]
r
(r,n)

FV of compounding period = PV ( 1+ r )

m*n

m
R

[1+ k]
m

- 1

PV of growing annuity =
A ( 1+ g ) *

[ 1-

PV of perpetuity =

( 1+ g ) n ]
( 1 + r )n
( r-g )
A
r