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Presented by
John S. Levine, P.E.
Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc.
770 565-1556
John@L-3.com
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Protection Fundamentals
By
John Levine
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Outline
Introductions
Tools
Enervista Launchpad
On Line Store
Demo Relays at Levine
ANSI number
Training CDs
Protection Fundamentals
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Objective
We are here to help make your job easier.
This is very informal and designed around
Applications. Please ask question. We
are not here to preach to you.
The knowledge base in the room varies
greatly. If you have a question, there is a
good chance there are 3 or 4 other people
that have the same question. Please ask
it.
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Tools
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Relays at L-3
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ANSI Symbols
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Conversion of Electro-Mechanical
to Electronic sheet
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Protection Fundamentals
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Types of Protection
Overcurrent
Uses current to determine magnitude of fault
Simple
May employ definite time or inverse time curves
May be slow
Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination stacks)
Inexpensive
May use various polarizing voltages or ground current
for directionality
Communication aided schemes make more selective
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CTI
50
+2
Distribution
Substation
50
+2
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(TOC) Coordination
Relay closest to fault operates
first
Relays closer to source
operate slower
Time between operating for
same current is called CTI
CTI
Distribution
Substation
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Multiples of pickup
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Types of Protection
Differential
current in = current out
Simple
Very fast
Very defined clearing area
Expensive
Practical distance limitations
Line differential systems overcome this using
digital communications
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1 pu
IP
CT-X
IP
CT-Y
IS
IS
Relay
IR-X
IR-Y
+1
Current, pu
1 + (-1) = 0
0
-1
Differential
Note CT polarity
dots
This is a
through-current
representation
Perfect
waveforms, no
saturation
DIFF CURRENT
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2 pu
2 pu
Fault
IP
CT-X
IP
CT-Y
Differential
X
IS
IS
Relay
IR-X
IR-Y
+2
Current, pu
2 + (+2) = 4
0
-2
DIFF CURRENT
Note CT
polarity dots
This is an
internal fault
representation
Perfect
waveforms, no
saturation
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Types of Protection
Voltage
Uses voltage to infer fault or abnormal condition
May employ definite time or inverse time curves
May also be used for undervoltage load shedding
Simple
May be slow
Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination stacks)
Inexpensive
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Types of Protection
Frequency
Uses frequency of voltage to detect power
balance condition
May employ definite time or inverse time curves
Used for load shedding & machinery
under/overspeed protection
Simple
May be slow
Selectivity at the cost of speed can be expensive
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Types of Protection
Power
Uses voltage and current to determine
power flow magnitude and direction
Typically definite time
Complex
May be slow
Accuracy important for many applications
Can be expensive
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Types of Protection
Distance (Impedance)
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Impedance
ZL
ZB
T2
ZA
T1
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21
Source
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Generation-typically at 420kV
Typical
Bulk
Power
System
Transmission-typically at 230765kV
Receives power from transmission
system and transforms into
subtransmission level
Subtransmission-typically at 69-161kV
Receives power from subtransmission
system and transforms into primary
feeder voltage
Distribution network-typically 2.469kV
Low voltage (service)-typically
120-600V
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Protection Zones
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units
2. Transformers
3. Buses
4. Lines (transmission and distribution)
5. Utilization equipment (motors, static loads, etc.)
6. Capacitor or reactor (when separately protected)
Bus zone
Unit Generator-Tx zone
Bus zone
Line zone
Bus zone
Motor zone
Transformer zone
Transformer zone
~
Generator
XFMR
Bus
Line
Bus
XFMR
Bus
Motor
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Zone Overlap
1. Overlap is accomplished by the locations of CTs, the key
source for protective relays.
2. In some cases a fault might involve a CT or a circuit breaker
itself, which means it can not be cleared until adjacent
breakers (local or remote) are opened.
Relay Zone A
Zone A
Relay Zone B
Relay Zone A
Zone B
Zone A
Relay Zone B
Zone B
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C37.2:
Device
Numbers
Partial listing
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Multilin
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1-Line [1]
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1-Line [2]
3-Line
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Trip/Close
Contact
Coil Monitor
Input
Relay
52/a
or
52/b
T/C
Coil
Breaker
52/a for trip circuit
52/b for close circuit
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Relay
Relay
Breaker
Breaker
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Current Transformers
Current transformers are used to step primary system
currents to values usable by relays, meters, SCADA,
transducers, etc.
CT ratios are expressed as primary to secondary;
2000:5, 1200:5, 600:5, 300:5
A 2000:5 CT has a CTR of 400
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Burden
Designation
Impedance
(Ohms)
VA @
5 amps
Power
Factor
Metering
B0.1
B0.2
B0.5
B0.9
B1.8
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.9
1.8
2.5
5
12.5
22.5
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0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
Relaying
B1
B2
B4
B8
1
2
4
8
25
50
100
200
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
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Voltage Transformers
Voltage (potential) transformers are used to isolate
and step down and accurately reproduce the scaled
voltage for the protective device or relay
VT ratios are typically expressed as primary to
secondary; 14400:120, 7200:120
A 4160:120 VT has a VTR of 34.66
VP
VS
Relay
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Secondary Circuit
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Equipment Grounding
Prevents shock exposure of personnel
Provides current carrying capability for the
ground-fault current
Grounding includes design and construction of
substation ground mat and CT and VT safety
grounding
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System Grounding
Limits overvoltages
Limits difference in electric potential through local
area conducting objects
Several methods
Ungrounded
Reactance Coil Grounded
High Z Grounded
Low Z Grounded
Solidly Grounded
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System Grounding
1. Ungrounded: There is no
intentional ground applied to
the system-however its
grounded through natural
capacitance. Found in 2.415kV systems.
2. Reactance Grounded: Total
system capacitance is
cancelled by equal inductance.
This decreases the current at
the fault and limits voltage
across the arc at the fault to
decrease damage.
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System Grounding
3. High Resistance Grounded:
Limits ground fault current to
10A-20A. Used to limit
transient overvoltages due to
arcing ground faults.
R0 <= X0C/3, X0C is capacitive
zero sequence reactance
4. Low Resistance Grounded: To
limit current to 25-400A
R0 >= 2X0
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System Grounding
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Medium/High
Resistance
Ground
Low/No
Resistance
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Ground
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Substation Types
Single Supply
Multiple Supply
Mobile Substations for emergencies
Types are defined by number of
transformers, buses, breakers to
provide adequate service for
application
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Bus
1
Bus 2
Main bus
Aux. bus
Main
Reserve
Transfer
Tie
breaker
Bus 1
Bus 2
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Switchgear Defined
Assemblies containing electrical switching,
protection, metering and management devices
Used in three-phase, high-power industrial,
commercial and utility applications
Covers a variety of actual uses, including motor
control, distribution panels and outdoor
switchyards
The term "switchgear" is plural, even when
referring to a single switchgear assembly (never
say, "switchgears")
May be a described in terms of use:
"the generator switchgear"
"the stamping line switchgear"
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Switchgear Examples
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Contribution to Faults
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Useful Conversions
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Vpu = Vactual
Vbase
Ipu = Iactual
Ibase
Zpu = Zactual
Zbase
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base
Z base
MVAbase x 1000
=
3 x kV L-L base
kV2L-L base
= MVA
base
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Zbase = kV 2base
MVAbase
Zpu2 = MVAbase2
X
X Zactual
kV 2base2 Z
2
base1 x
kV 2base2
Zpu2 =Zpu1 x kV
actual
MVAbase2
MVAbase1
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A Study of a Fault.
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Sacrifices coordination
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Multilin
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Multilin
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Protection Fundamentals
QUESTIONS?
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