Gronwald

Efficient numerical solution methods for Maxwell's
equations by separations of near field and far field

interaction
Prof. Dr. Frank Gronwald

Chair Electromagnetic
Compatibility
Institute of Electromagnetic Theory
Hamburg University of Technology
gronwald@tu-harburg.de
The Institute of Electromagnetic Theory at the

University of Technology Hamburg (TUHH)
around 1930
Prof. Dr. Christian Schuster

Chair
Electromagnetic Theory
today
aerial view
Dr. Heinz-D. Brns

Senior Scientist
Numerical Field Computation
Frank Gronwald
Prof. Dr. Frank Gronwald

Chair
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Transparency 2
Overview of the talk

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction and Motivation:

Electromagnetic Engineering Applications and Numerical Field Computation
Aspects of efficient numerical field computation in electromagnetic theory
Electromagnetic near fields and far fields

(Coulomb fields and radiation fields)
Separations of near field and far field interactions
Method of analytical regularization
Hybrid representations of Greens functions
Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
Conclusion
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 3
1. Introduction and Motivation - interference analysis

of avionic systems
transmitting antennas
receiving
antennas
interference matrix
some important avionic systems :
TCAS = Traffic Collision Avoidance System
ATC = Air Traffic Control
GPS = Global Positioning System
SATCOM = Satellite Communication
ADF = Automatic Direction Finder
VOR = VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range
DME = Distance Measuring Equipment
ILS = Instrument Landing System
Frank Gronwald
common avionic systems operate in the frequency range 100

kHz to 15 GHz
corresponding wavelengths are in the range of
3 km to 2 cm
analysis of (unwanted) antenna couplings requires to calculate
both near and far fields
necessity to numerically solve large scale electromagnetic
boundary value problem to obtain interference matrix
Transparency 4
1. Introduction and Motivation interior problems of

Electromagnetic Compatibility
a low cost electronic power meter

complex electric/electronic systems contain various
electric/electronic components which might interfer with
each other
electromagnetic coupling between various electric/electronic
components needs to be analyzed and estimated
electromagnetic coupling often takes place within a
resonating environment (e.g. within a metallic housing, as
given by common computer housings)
Frank Gronwald
on a more abstract level: modelling of antenna coupling within

a cavity
antennas carry electric charges and currents that generate
electric and magnetic near fields
cavity supports electromagnetic modes that correspond to free
electromagnetic (far) fields (i.e., solutions of sourceless
Helmholtz equations)
necessity to solve electromagnetic boundary value problem
with near and far field characteristics
Transparency 5
2. Aspects of efficient numerical field computation

in electromagnetic theory
Usually, the solution f of an electromagnetic boundary value problem is given by an element of an infinite
dimensional function space (such as a Hilbert or Soboloev space):
f n fn
n 1
Remark: Often the explicit solution for f is found as the solution of a linear operator equation, see, e.g.:
Hanson, G.W. and Yakolev, A.: Operator Theory for Electromagnetics, (Springer, New York, 2002).
A numerical solution is a finite approximation f of the form
~ N ~ ~
f f n fn
with numerically calculated coefficients
An efficient numerical solution requires:
~n
n 1
number N of approximating basis functions

fast numerical calculation of the coefficients
not too large
~
fn
~
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 6
2. Aspects of efficient numerical field computation

in electromagnetic theory
~
f
Important observation: Basis functions

that are suitable to approximate a near field (=Coulomb field) often are
n
not suitable to approximate a far field (=radiation field) and vice versa
This observation is illustrated by the complementary properties of rays (propagator functions) and modes
(eigenfunctions of a compact and self-adjoint operator) that both are often used as approximating basis functions
(Felsen, 1984):
Rays
Modes
Scattering processes yield local information of a

system
Oscillations yield global infornation of a system
Characterize early response in time domain
Characterize late response in time domain
Advantageous for high-frequency regime where the

mode-density is high and rays of geometrical optics
characterize the field
Advantageous for low-frequency regime where the

mode-density is low and a small number of modes
characterizes the field
It follows that in order to numerically solve electromagnetic boundary value problems it is often necessary to
separately
analyzetonear
field
and far field
interactions in order
to find approximating
basis functions which are
Advantageous
model
Coulomb
singularities
Advantageous
to model resonances
suitable to approximate both near fields and far fields
Note: Efficient numerical computation schemes often are necessary because computer memory and computation
time are limited.
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 7
3. Electromagnetic near fields and far fields

- fields generated by a point charge
E (r , t )
4 0
er ',r 1 2
3 2
1 er ',r | r r ' |
ret
B(r , t )
4 0
Disadvantage: Motion of point charge

must be known
ret
Disadvantage: Model of point charge

not useful for most engineering
applications where charge and current
distributions are needed
far field (radiation)
ret

e e
e
q r ',r r ',r r ',r
4 0
c 2 1 er ',r | r r ' |
near field (Coulomb)
e e
q r ',r r ',r

4 0 c 1 er ',r 3 | r r' |
er ',r 1 2
3 2
c 1 er ',r | r r ' |
Advantage: Near field and far field

contributions can be written as separate
terms
ret
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 8

- fields generated by continuous sources

r r'
observer
Advantage: Near field

and far field
contributions can be
written as separate
terms
charge and current distribution
E (r , t )
d 3r '
1
r r'
1
r r ' 1
3
(r ' , t 'ret ) J (r ' , t 'ret )

(r ' , t 'ret ) d r '
4 0 | r r ' |3
4 0 c
| r r '| c
| r r '|
B(r , t ) 0
4

J (r ' , t 'ret ) r r ' 3
0 J (r ' , t 'ret ) (r r ' ) 3
d r'
d r'
3
2
c
r r'
r r'
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 9
Disadvantage: Current
and charge distributions
must be known
Remark: To obtain
current and charge
distributions it is often
required to solve an
integral equation where
near and far field
contributions still are
coupled

- contrasted to longitudinal and transverse fields
Remark: Quantization of the electromagnetic field requires to quantize true dynamical degrees of
freedom only these are not part of the near (Coulomb) field but part of the far (radiation) field
It is then a standard approach to split electromagnetic
fields intheir longitudinal and tranverse part
for a general vector

part
and transverse
part
are defined by
F
F
F field , its longitudinal
||

F F|| F , F|| 0 , F 0
corresponding split of Maxwells equations:

D||
longitudinal part
D
H
J
t
B
E
0
t
transverse part
Separation of longitudinal and transverse parts does not correspond to a separation of near
(Coulomb) and far (radiation) fields - entangled near and far fields still have to be taken care of in
the quantization process, but are there any alternatives?
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 10
4. Separations of near field and far field interactions
There appears to be no canonical method to separate, for the general solution of

electromagnetic boundary value problems, near (Coulomb) fields from far (radiation) field
To nevertheless employ efficient numerical solution schemes it is nevertheless required to

separate near field and far field interactions in some way
In the following, three methods for separating near field and far field interactions are
introduced:
method of analytical regularization

(conversion of an integral equation of the first kind to an integral equation of the second
kind)
hybrid representation of Greens function
(transforming a canonical Greens function into a ray-mode representation)
multilevel fast multipole algorithm
(effective grouping and translating of near field interactions)
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 11

- Method of analytical regularization
Electromagnetic boundary value problems often are formulated as electric field integral
equations of the form
E
( z , z ' ) I ( z ' )dz ' E ( z )
or, if written as linear operator equation,
L( I ) E
Idea: Split L in two parts L0 and L1 where L0 contains the Coulomb singularity
Then:
L0 ( I ) L1 ( I ) E
First, construct the near field solution L0-1

1
I 0 L0 ( E )
Second, solve the remaining integral equation of the second kind with the Coulomb
singularity removed
1
I I 0 L0 L1 ( I )
Solution often possible by iteration:
I0
1
1 L0 L1
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 12

Example: Electrically small antenna inside a cavity
(Tkachenko & Gronwald, 2003)
Consider first a linear wire antenna (length L, radius a, directed along z-axis) in free space
which is excited by an incoming wave
E zinc ( z ) E0 sin i exp( jkz cos i )
Approximate solution for the induced current:
I 0 ( z, )
j 4E0
2 0 ln( L / a ) k sin i
kL 1
For a small antenna
cos(kz ) exp( jkz cos i exp( jkL cos i ) cos(kL) sin(kz )

sin( kL)
this solution can be written in the factorized form
I 0 ( z , ) K 0 ( ) f ( z ) E0 , with
Frank Gronwald
4z 2
f(z) 1 2
L
Transparency 13

It follows with
L1 ( I )
E
G
1
( z, z ' ) I ( z ' )dz '
antenna
that the solution for the current along the small antenna within the cavity is given by
I ( z, )
K 0 ( ) f ( z )
1 K 0 ( )
antenna
G1 ( z , z ' ) f ( z ' )dz '
E0
This result can be used, for example, to calculate the coupling between two antennas within
a rectangular cavity
For a specific configuration the current transfer ratio is characterized by sharp resonance
peaks
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 14

- Hybrid representations of Greens functions
General idea: Construct Greens functions with both ray and mode properties
Illustration by example: Consider the Greens function of the Helmholtz equation for the
3
A
vector potential
2
A
A(r ) k A(r ) J (r )
A(r ) G (r , r ' ) J (r ' ) d r '
inside a three-dimensional rectangular cavity
G (r , r ' )
A
Application of the mirror principle yields:
Ci
exp( jkRi ,mnp (r , r ' ))

4Ri ,mnp (r , r ' )
m , n , p i 0
ray representation
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 15

Now consider the three-dimensional Poisson transformation
f (2m ,2n ,2 p )
m , n , p
1
2 3
f ( ,
m , n , p ,
, 3 ) exp( j (m 1 n 2 p 3 )) d 1d 2 d 3
Application of the Poisson transformation to the ray representation yields the mode representation
(Wu & Chang 1987)
0p
1
G (r , r ' )
8 m ,n , p l x l y l z
A
ny
mx
mx'
sin ny ' cos pz cos pz

sin
sin
l
l
l
l
z
z
lx
lx
y
y
2
2
2
m
p
n

k 2
l
lz
lx
y
sin
This is not exactly what we want: We have turned rays into modes but we want to have both ray
and mode
contributions!
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 16

By the application of an Ewald-transformation (Ewald, 1921) it can be shown that (Gronwald, 2005)
G A (r , r ' ) G A ray (r , r ' ) G A mode (r , r ' )

where
G A ray (r , r ' )
1
8
exp( jkRi ,mnp erfc( Ri ,mnp E jk / 2 E )
Ci
m , n , p i 0
Ri ,mnp
exp( jkRi ,mnp erfc( Ri ,mnp E jk / 2 E )

Ri ,mnp
and
2
k mnp
k2
exp
2
7
4E
1
exp j k X k Y k Z
A
G mode (r , r ' )
Ci
x i
y i
z i
2
2
8l x l y l z m ,n , p i 0
k mnp k
This hybrid representation has very good convergence both in the source region and at resonance!
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 17

Example: Calculation of the Greens function G Azz within a canonical cavity
cuboidal cavity with source point
r ' (0.25,0.25,0.25) L
number of terms
accuracy
Ray sum
108
no convergence
10-5
Mode sum
106
10-5
10-8
Ewald sum
102
10-8
number of terms
accuracy
Ray sum
106
10-2
Mode sum
108
Ewald sum
102
convergence properties in source region

(x=y=z=0.26L)
values of the Greens function GAzz for varying

observation point r and fixed wavenumber
k=9.42/L
Frank Gronwald
convergence properties at resonance

(k=9.42/L)
Transparency 18

Example: Calculation of the mutual coupling Z12 between two antennas inside a rectangular
cavity
b impedance
a 3 which is calculated by a formula of
Mutual coupling is expressed by the mutual
E (r ) J (r )d r
the form
antenna 2
Z12
I 2a I1b
G A (r , r ' )
and obtained by the numerical solution an integral equation, involving the cavitys Greens
function
rectangular cavity with dimensions lx=6m ly=7m lz=3m
Frank Gronwald
absolute value of the mutual impedance
Transparency 19

The results of the previous slide have been obtained by the Method of Moments
The Method of Moments converts a linear operator equation into an algebraic system of
equations:
First, the original equation
L( f ) g
is approximated by
~
L( f ) g~, with
~ N
f k k ,
k 1
it follows
g~ g , w j w j
j 1
N
~
L( f ) k ( L( k ))
k 1
N
k L( k ), w j w j
k 1 j 1
N
k L( k ), w j w j
k 1 j 1
N
and the result is a linear algebraic
equation for the unknown coefficients
k 1
L( k ), w j g , w j
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 20

- Multilevel fast multipole algorithm
The standard Method of Moments: Usually applied to the conversion of an integral equation to a linear
system of equations which contains the unknown electric current elements as primary variables
Linear system of equation characterized by the interaction between all electric current elements
Standard Method of Moments: Interaction between all

current elements is taken into account
Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm:

(Rokhlin, 1990; Lu & Chew, 1993)
Interaction between regions that are
not within each other near field regions
can be approximated by a smaller
number of interactions
(i.e., less interactions need to be computed
and stored!)
Multilevel Fast Multipole
Algorithm: Far field interactions
are effectively grouped and
translated
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 21

The multilevel fast multipole algorithm treats near field and far field interactions differently
Near field interactions: Only interactions between neighboring current elements are taken
into account,
the corresponding interaction matrix becomes sparse
Far field interactions: Less interactions due to Aggregation, Translation, and Disaggregation
Translation is mathematically performed by the use of addition theorems that arise from
the addition of angular momentum in quantum mechanics
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 22

Both the standard Method of Moments and the Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm are
implemented in the program CONCEPT-II which has been developed at the Institute of
Electromagnetic Theory, Hamburg University of Technology, since the mid 1980ies
CONCEPT-II used as
platform to incorporate research results
electromagnetic tool to work on academic and industrial projects
Screenshots of CONCEPT-II graphical user interface

(compare: http:www.tet.tu-harburg.de/concept/)
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 23

Example: Calculation of the surface currents on a ship which are gene

by a monopole antenna, operating at f = 150 MHz ( = 2m)
Ship dimensions: 120m length
21m height
15m width
Discretisation yields 424158 unknowns (=edge currents)
Standard Method of Moments would require 2.6 TeraByte of memory
MLFMA requires 5.6 GigaByte of memory, on a single workstation the
problem can be solved in 2.8 hours
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 24
5. Conclusion
Efficient numerical solution methods for electromagnetic boundary value problems often
require to separate near field interactions (Coulomb fields) from far field interactions
(radiation fields)
There appears to be no general and complete method to achieve this separation
But it is often possible to isolate the Coulomb singularity in a way such that numerical
computations both in the source region and at resonance become possible.
Thank you for your attention!
Frank Gronwald
Transparency 25

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Efficient numerical solution methods for Maxwell's

equations by separations of near field and far field

Prof. Dr. Frank Gronwald

Institute of Electromagnetic Theory

The Institute of Electromagnetic Theory at the

Prof. Dr. Christian Schuster

Hamburg University of Technology

Dr. Heinz-D. Brns

Prof. Dr. Frank Gronwald

Institute of Electromagnetic Theory

Overview of the talk

Introduction and Motivation:

Electromagnetic near fields and far fields

Separations of near field and far field interactions

Method of analytical regularization

Hybrid representations of Greens functions

Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm

Hamburg University of Technology

Institute of Electromagnetic Theory

1. Introduction and Motivation - interference analysis

Hamburg University of Technology

common avionic systems operate in the frequency range 100

Institute of Electromagnetic Theory

1. Introduction and Motivation interior problems of

a low cost electronic power meter

Hamburg University of Technology

on a more abstract level: modelling of antenna coupling within

Institute of Electromagnetic Theory

2. Aspects of efficient numerical field computation

A numerical solution is a finite approximation f of the form

number N of approximating basis functions

not too large

Hamburg University of Technology

Institute of Electromagnetic Theory

2. Aspects of efficient numerical field computation

Important observation: Basis functions

Scattering processes yield local information of a

Oscillations yield global infornation of a system

Characterize early response in time domain

Characterize late response in time domain

Advantageous for high-frequency regime where the

Advantageous for low-frequency regime where the

Hamburg University of Technology

Institute of Electromagnetic Theory

3. Electromagnetic near fields and far fields

Disadvantage: Motion of point charge

Disadvantage: Model of point charge

far field (radiation)

q r ',r r ',r r ',r

near field (Coulomb)

Hamburg University of Technology

near field (Coulomb)

Advantage: Near field and far field

far field (radiation)

Institute of Electromagnetic Theory

3. Electromagnetic near fields and far fields

Advantage: Near field

charge and current distribution

(r ' , t 'ret ) J (r ' , t 'ret )

far field (radiation)

near field (Coulomb)

Hamburg University of Technology

far field (radiation)

Institute of Electromagnetic Theory