Fakultas Teknik

Universitas Indonesia

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Stephanie
Rawi
130641358
0

M. Priyo Tri
Utomo

INTRODUCING
OUR TEAM

Haris
Setiawan
130640165
6

Mustafa
Kamal

Transformers in General

The pricipal transformers is to convert AC power at one level into AC power of the
same frequency at another voltage level.
Power transformers are constructed on 2 types of core, Core Form and Shell Form.
Power transformers have a diffrent name based on their fuction at the power system
o Unit Transformers, connect to the output and step up the voltages to the
transmission line
o Substation Transformers, at the end of transmission line and step down the
voltages to distribution levels
o Distribution Transformers, step down the voltages to actual voltages that being
used
Transformers consist of 3 components,
o A primary coil or winding.
o A secondary coil or winding.
o A core that supports the coils or windings.

Ideal Transformers

An Ideal Transformers is a lossless device with an input winding and an

output winding
The windings resistance and leakage flux are zero.
The primary winding is supplied by a sinusoidal voltage.
The voltage drives a magnetizing current through the winding.
Magnetizing current generates a magnetization flux in the iron core.
The flux changes more or less in sinusoidal form.
The flux links to the secondary winding.
The losses are zero in an ideal transformer. Therefore the input power (VA) is
equal to the output power (VA).
If a transformer increases the voltage, the current decreases and viceversa.

The relationship between voltage, current and

winding in Ideal Transformers is,

Where

=primarywindings
=secondarywindings
=primaryvoltage
=secondaryvoltage
=secondarycurrent
=primarycurrent

Power in Ideal Transfomers

Real Transforers

The characteristic of real transformers approximate the

characteristic from ideal transformers, but only in degree.
The basis of transformers operation is Faraday's Law.
The actual transformer windings have resistances R 1 and R2 , which
are removed from the windings and placed in series with them.
In the real transformers not all the flux produced in the primary coil
passes through the secondary coil, is called leakage flux.
The flux in the primary coil can be divided into 2 components:
o Mutual Flux
o Leakage Flux

The flux linking the primary winding is:

The flux linking the secondary winding is:

The
losses
that
occur
in
real
transformers have to be accounted for
in any accurate model of transformers
behavior
The losses are:
o Copper Losses
o Eddy Current Losses
o Hysteresis Losses
o Leakage Flux

The Per-Unit System

Another approach to solving circuits containing

transformers which eliminates the need for explicit
voltage level conversions at every transformers in the
system.
In the per-unit system, are not measured in SI system, but
each electrical quantity is measured as decimal fraction of
some base level.

Transformers Voltage Regulation and Efficiency

To convenienlty compare transformers, it is customary to define a

quantity called voltage regulation (VR).
Full load voltage regulation is a quantity that compared output
voltage at no load and output compare at full load

The easiset way to determine effect of the impedances and

the current phase angles is to examine the phasor diagram.

Actual Transformer. Equivalent circuit

jX1

V1

jX2

I1

R1
I1
Ic

Im
Rc

E1

E2

jXm
IdealTransformer

R2
I2

V2

SimplificationofEquivalentCircuit

Theequationsforanidealtransformer

E1=aE2

I1=I2/a

Thedivisionofthetwoequationresultin

E1
E
a2 2
I1
I2

Z1 a 2 Z 2

Animpedancecanbetransferredfromonesidetotheotherby
multiplyingbythesquareoftheturnsratio.

The transfer of the impedances from the secondary to the primary results
in :
jX1

V1

ja2X2

R1

a2R2

I2=I2/a

I1
Ic

Im
Rc

jXm

E1=aV2

I2

E2

V2

EquivalentCircuitParameters

Theseriesimpedanceofa
transformeriscalculatedfroma
shortcircuittest.
Thelowvoltageside(LV)is
short-circuitedandthehigh
voltage(HV)issuppliedbya
reducedvoltagewhichdrives
ratedcurrentthroughthe
transformer.
Thevoltage,current,andinput
poweraremeasured.

Short- circuit test

Is c

sc

A
R educed
v o lta g e

sh o rt
c irc u it

sc

H V

LV

Theshortcircuittestgivesthe
currentIsc,thesupplyvoltage

Ze=Vsc/IscandRe=Psc/Isc2

VscandthepowerlossPsc.

Theequivalentcircuitshows
thattheseriesimpedancecan
becalculatedfromthisdata.
Isc

Re

Theseriesimpedancecalculationis:

Therefore,theequivalentreactance
is: X Z 2 R 2
e

Iscsec

jXe

Vsc
HV

LV

Themagnetizingimpedanceof
atransformeriscalculatedfrom
theopen-circuittest.
Thehighvoltageside(HV)is
openandthelowvoltageside
(LV)issuppliedbytherated
voltage,whichdrives
magnetizingcurrentthroughthe
transformer.
Thevoltages,currentand
imputepoweraremeasured.

Open - circuit test

Io

A
open
V
c irc u it

H V

LV

W
o

R a te d
v o lt a g e

Theopen-circuittestgivesthe
magnetizingbranchcurrentIo,

Iftheseriesimpedanceisnegligible,
themagnetizingimpedanceis:

thesupplyvoltageV0andthe Rc=V02/P0
ironlossPc.
asSo=V0I0and
Theequivalentcircuitshows
thatthemagnetizing
then
2
2
impedancecanbe
Q m S0 P0
calculatedfromthisdata.
Io
Re

Xm

jXe
Rc

HV

LV

jXm

Vo

V0 2

Q0

Transformers Efficiency

The Autotransforsmers

The

voltage at output of the whole

transformers is the sum of the voltage on the
first winding (common winding) and the
voltage on the second winding (series winding)

Referensi

Chapman, Stephen J. Electric Machinery Fundamentals 4th Edition

TERIMA KASIH ATAS

PERHATIANNYA