Operating Characteristics

Tekad Indra P. Abidin, ST.,

M.Eng

Engine Parameter

S = Stroke
N = Engine speed
a = Crank offset
B = Bore
s = Piston position
= Crank angle
Vc
= Clearance
Volume
square
VdB ==S Displacement
engine
Volume
S under
r B= Connecting
Rod
square
lenght

 Stroke Lenght
S

= 2.a

Average Piston Speed

Up = 2.S.N

s = a cos +
Up

= ds/dt

R = r/a
(ratio of connecting rod lenght to crank
offset)

 Displacement / Displacement Volume

Vd = VBDC VTDC

For One Cylinder

Vd = (/4)B2S

For an engine with Ne cylinders

Vd = Ne(/4)B2S

1L = 10-3m3 = 103cm3 61 in.3

Clearance Volume
Vc = VTDC
VBDC = Vc + Vd

Compression Ratio
rc = VBDC/VTDC = (Vc + Vd)/Vc

 Average compression ratio of American spark

ignition automobile as fuction of year

1942-1945 no car production WW II

1950s Muscle car popular
1970s Using Fuel additive
1980s and 1990s better fuels and combustion chamber tech

 Cylinder volume V at any crank angle

V = Vc + (B2/4)(r + a - s)

Piston surface area

Ap = (/4)B2
Combustion chamber surface area
A = Ach + Ap + B(r + a - s)

Example 2.1

Work

 P = pressure in combustion chamber

Ap = piston face
x = distance the piston moves
Ap dx = dV

Engine cycle per unit mass of gas m ;

volume V is replaced with specific volume
; specific work :

indicated work

Work delivered by the cranksaft < indicated

work
Mechanical friction
Parasitic loads (oil pump, supercharger, AC
Compressor, altenator, etc)
Actual work = brake work

w b = wi . w t
wb = brake work
wi = indicated work
wt = specific work lost

wnet = wgross + wpump

wpump without supercharger
(-)

wnet = (Area A)- (Area

B)

wpump with
supercharger (+)
wnet = (Area A) + (Area

Mean Effective Pressure

W = work of one cycle

w = specific work of one cycle
Vd = displacement volume
Good parameter to compare engine for
design or output because it is
independent of engine size and/or speed

 brake mean effective pressure

indicated mean effective pressure

pump mean effective pressure

friction mean effective pressure

 nmep = net mean effective pressure

mh = mechanical efficiency of
engine
fmep = friction mean effective
pressure

Torque and Power

Torque is an
engines ability to
do work [N.m] or
[lbf.ft]
Torque is related
to work
Power is the rate
of work of engine

 Torque
2 = Wb = (bmep) Vd / n
Wb = brake work of one revolution
Vd = displacement volume
n = number of revolutions per cycle
Two stroke engine

Four stroke engine

 Power

W = Work per cycle

Ap = Piston face area of all pistons
= Average piston speed

= mechanical effieciency of the

engine
measured in kW
1 hp = 0.7457 kW = 2545 BTU/hr = 550
ft.lbf/s
1 kW = 1.341 hp

 Specific power
SP = Wb / Ap

Output per displacement

OPD = Wb / Vd
Specific volume
SV = Vd / Wb
Specific Weight
SW = (engine weight) / Wb

Air-Fuel Ratio and Fuel-Air

Ratio

Equivalence ratio as the actual ratio

of fuel-air to ideal or stoichiometric
fuel-air

Specific Fuel Consumption

brake specific fuel consumption
indicated specific fuel consumption

Engine Efficiencies

Thermal Efficiency

 Indicated thermal efficiencies 50% 60%

Brake thermal efficiencies about 30%
Large and slow CI engines 50% brake
thermal efficiencies
Fuel Consumption efficiency

Thermal efficiency for one cylinder

Volumetric Efficiency

standard values

Emissions
Main engine exhaust emissions
NOx ; CO ; He ; Solid Particulates

Specific Emissions

Emissions Index

Conclusion

DISCUSSION

 Typical Engine Operating Parameters