Chapter 4 Powerpoint Le

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Chapter 4
Calculations and the Chemical
Equation
Denniston
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Caret
5th Edition
4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms

Atoms are exceedingly small
Unit of measurement for mass of an atom is
atomic mass unit (amu) unit of measure for
the mass of atoms
carbon-12 assigned the mass of exactly 12 amu
1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g
Periodic table gives atomic weights in amu
4.1 The Mole Concept and

Atoms
Mass of Atoms
What is the atomic weight of one atom of
fluorine? Answer: 19.00 amu
What would be the mass of this one atom
in grams?
19.00 amu F 1.66110 -24 g 3.156 10 23 g F
F atom
1 amu F
F atom
Chemists usually work with much larger

quantities
It is more convenient to work with grams
than amu when using larger quantities

Atoms
The Mole and Avogadros Number

A practical unit for defining a collection
of atoms is the mole
1 mole of atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms
This is called Avogadros number
This has provided the basis for the concept
of the mole

Atoms
The Mole
To make this connection we must define
the mole as a counting unit
The mole is abbreviated mol
A mole is simply a unit that defines an

amount of something
Dozen defines 12
Gross defines 144

Atoms
Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of one atom of an element
corresponds to:
The average mass of a single atom in amu
The mass of a mole of atoms in grams
1 atom of F is 19.00 amu
19.00 amu/atom F
1 mole of F is 19.00 g 19.00 g/mole F
19.00 amu F 1.66 10 24 g F 6.022 10 23 atom F
1 atom F
1 amu F
1 mol F
=19.00 g F/mol F or 19.00 g/mol F

Atoms
Molar Mass
Molar mass - The mass in grams of 1 mole of
atoms
What is the molar mass of carbon?

12.01 g/mol C
This means counting out a mole of Carbon

atoms (i.e., 6.022 x 1023) they would have a mass
of 12.01 g
One mole of any element contains the same
number of atoms, 6.022 x 1023, Avogadros number

Atoms
Calculating Atoms, Moles, and Mass

We use the following conversion factors:
Density converts grams milliliters
Atomic mass unit converts amu
grams
Avogadros number converts moles
number of atoms
Molar mass converts grams moles

Atoms
Strategy for Calculations

Map out a pattern for the required
conversion
Given a number of grams and asked for
number of atoms
Two conversions are required
Convert grams to moles
1 mol S/32.06 g S OR 32.06 g S/1 mol S
Convert moles to atoms

mol S x (6.022 x 1023 atoms S) / 1 mol S

Atoms
Practice Calculations
1. Calculate the number of atoms in 1.7
moles of boron.
2. Find the mass in grams of 2.5 mol Na
(sodium).
3. Calculate the number of atoms in 5.0 g
aluminum.
4. Calculate the mass of 5,000,000 atoms
of Au (gold)

Atoms
Interconversion Between Moles,

Particles, and Grams
4.2 The Chemical Formula,

Formula Weight, and Molar Mass
Chemical formula - a combination of
symbols of the various elements that make up
the compound
Formula unit - the smallest collection of
atoms that provide two important pieces of
information
The identity of the atoms
The relative number of each type of atom
Formula Weight and Molar Mass
Chemical Formula
Consider the following formulas:
H2 2 atoms of hydrogen are chemically
bonded forming diatomic hydrogen, subscript 2
H2O 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of
oxygen, lack of subscript means one atom
NaCl 1 atom each of sodium and chlorine
Ca(OH)2 1 atom of calcium and 2 atoms each
of oxygen and hydrogen, subscript outside
parentheses applies to all atoms inside
Chemical Formula
Consider the following formulas:
(NH4)3SO4 2 ammonium ions and 1 sulfate ion
Ammonium ion contains 1 nitrogen and 4 hydrogen
Sulfate ion contains 1 sulfur and 4 oxygen
Compound contains 2 N, 8 H, 1 S, and 4 O
CuSO4.5H2O
This is an example of a hydrate - compounds containing
one or more water molecules as an integral part of their
structure
5 units of water with 1 CuSO4
Comparison of Hydrated and

Anhydrous Copper Sulfate
Hydrated copper sulfate
Anhydrous copper sulfate
Marked color difference illustrates the fact

that these are different compounds


Formula weight - the sum of the atomic weights
of all atoms in the compound as represented by its
correct formula
expressed in amu
What is the formula weight of H2O?

16.00 amu + 2(1.008 amu) = 18.02 amu
Molar mass mass of a mole of compound in

grams / mole
Numerically equal to the formula weight in amu
What is the molar mass of H2O?

18.02 g/mol H2O
4.2 The Chemical Formula, Formula

Weight and Molar Mass
Formula Unit
Formula unit smallest
collection of atoms from which
the formula of a compound can
be established
When calculating the formula
weight (or molar mass) of an
ionic compound, the smallest
unit of the crystal is used
What is the molar mass of (NH4)3PO4?

3(N amu) + 12(H amu) + P amu + 4(O amu)=
3(14.01) + 12(1.008) + 30.97 + 4(16.00)=
149.10 g/mol (NH4)3PO4
4.3 The Chemical Equation and the

Information It Conveys
A Recipe For Chemical Change
Chemical equation - shorthand notation of a
chemical reaction
Describes all of the substances that react and all
the products that form, physical states, and
experimental conditions
Reactants (starting materials) the substances
that undergo change in the reaction
Products substances produced by the reaction
and the Information It Conveys
4.3 The Chemical Equation
Features of a Chemical Equation

1. Identity of products and reactants must
be specified using chemical symbols
2. Reactants are written to the left of the
reaction arrow and products are written
to the right
3. Physical states of reactants and products
may be shown in parentheses
4. Symbol over the reaction arrow
means that energy is necessary for the
reaction to occur
5. Equation must be balanced
Features of a Chemical Equation

2HgO( s )
2Hg( l )
O 2 (g )
Products and reactants must be

specified using chemical symbols
Reactants written on the left of arrow

Products written on the right
energy is needed
Physical states are shown in parentheses
The Experimental Basis of a

Chemical Equation
We know that a chemical equation
represents a chemical change
One or more substances changed into
new substances
Different chemical and physical
properties
Evidence of a Reaction Occurring

The following can be visual evidence of a reaction:
Release of a gas
CO2 is released when acid is placed in a solution
containing CO32- ions
Formation of a solid (precipitate)

A solution containing Ag+ ions mixed with a solution
containing Cl- ions
Heat is produced or absorbed

Acid and base are mixed together
Color changes
Subtle Indications of a Reaction

Heat or light is absorbed or emitted
Changes in the way the substances
behave in an electrical or magnetic
field before and after a reaction
Changes in electrical properties
Writing Chemical Reactions

We will learn to identify the following
patterns of chemical reactions:
combination
decomposition
single-replacement
double-replacement
Recognizing the pattern will help you

write and understand reactions
Combination Reactions
The joining of two or more elements or
compounds, producing a product of
different composition
A + B AB
Examples:
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
MgO(s) + CO2(g) MgCO3(s)
Types of Combination
Reactions
1. Combination of a metal and a nonmetal
to form a salt
2. Combination of hydrogen and chlorine
molecules to produce hydrogen chloride
3. Formation of water from hydrogen and
oxygen molecules
4. Reaction of magnesium oxide and
carbon dioxide to produce magnesium
carbonate
Decomposition Reactions
Produce two or more products from a
single reactant
Reverse of a combination reaction
AB A + B
Examples:
2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Types of Decomposition
Reactions
1. Heating calcium carbonate to produce
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
2. Removal of water from a hydrated
material
Replacement Reactions
1. Single-replacement
One atom replaces another in the

compound producing a new compound
A + BC B + AC
Examples:
Cu(s)+2AgNO3(aq) 2Ag(s)+Cu(NO3)2(aq)
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Types of Replacement
Reactions
1. Replacement of copper by zinc in
copper sulfate
2. Replacement of aluminum by
sodium in aluminum nitrate
Replacement Reactions
2. Double-replacement
Two compounds undergo a change
of partners
Two compounds react by
exchanging atoms to produce two
new compounds
AB + CD AD + CB
Types of Double-Replacement
Reaction of an acid with a base to
produce water and salt
HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)
Formation of solid lead chloride from
lead nitrate and sodium chloride
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)
PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
AB + CD AD + CB
Types of Chemical Reactions

Precipitation Reactions
Chemical change in a solution that
results in one or more insoluble products
To predict if a precipitation reaction can
occur it is helpful to know the
solubilities of ionic compounds

Solubilities of Some Common
Ionic Compounds
Predicting Whether Precipitation

Will Occur
Recombine the ionic compounds to
have them exchange partners
Examine the new compounds formed
and determine if any are insoluble
according to the rules in Table 4.1
Any insoluble salt will be the precipitate
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + NaCl(aq)
(s) + NaNO3 ((aq)
PbCl2 (?)
?)
Predict Whether These Reactions

Form Precipitates
Potassium chloride and silver nitrate
Potassium acetate and silver nitrate
Reactions with Oxygen

Reactions with oxygen generally release
energy
Combustion of natural gas
Organic compounds CO2 and H2O are
usually the products
CH4+2O2CO2+2H2O
Rusting or corrosion of iron
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
Acid-Base Reactions
These reactions involve the transfer of a
hydrogen ion (H+) from one reactant
(acid) to another (base)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
The H+ on HCl was

transferred to the oxygen
in OH-, giving H2O
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Reaction involves the transfer of one or
more electrons from one reactant to
another
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)
Two electrons are
transferred from Zn to
Cu2+
Writing Chemical Reactions

Consider the following reaction:
hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce water
Write the above reaction as a chemical

equation
H 2 + O 2 H2O
Dont forget the diatomic elements
Law of Conservation of Mass

Law of conservation of mass - matter
cannot be either gained or lost in the
process of a chemical reaction
The total mass of the products must equal
the total mass of the reactants
4.4 Balancing Chemical

Equations
A Visual Example of the Law of

Conservation of Mass
4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations

A chemical equation shows the molar
quantity of reactants needed to produce a
particular molar quantity of products
The relative number of moles of each
product and reactant is indicated by
placing a whole-number coefficient
before the formula of each substance in
the chemical equation

Equations
Balancing
Coefficient - how many of that substance
are in the reaction
2HgO( s )
2Hg(l ) O 2 ( g )
The equation must be balanced

All the atoms of every reactant must also
appear in the products
Number of Hg on left?
on right
Number of O on left?
on right

Equations
Examine the Equation

H2 + O2 H2O
Is the law of conservation of mass obeyed
as written? NO
Balancing chemical equations uses coefficients
to ensure that the law of conservation of mass is
obeyed
You may never change subscripts!
WRONG: H2 + O2 H2O2

Equations
Steps in Equation Balancing

H2 + O2 H2O
The steps to balancing:
Step 1. Count the number of moles of
atoms of each element on both
product and reactant sides
Reactants
Products
2 mol H
2 mol O
2 mol H
1 mol O

Equations

H2 + O2 H2O
Step 2. Determine which elements are not
balanced do not have same number on
both sides of the equation
Oxygen is not balanced
Step 3. Balance one element at a time by

changing the coefficients
H2 + O2 2H2O
This balances oxygen, but is hydrogen
still balanced?

Equations

H2 + O2 2H2O
How will we balance hydrogen?
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Step 4. Check! Make sure the law of
conservation of mass is obeyed
Reactants
Products
4 mol H
2 mol O
4 mol H
2 mol O

Equations
Balancing an Equation

Equations
Practice Equation Balancing

Balance the following equations:
1. C2H2 + O2 CO2 + H2O
2. AgNO3 + FeCl3 Fe(NO3)3 + AgCl
3. C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
4. N2 + H2 NH3
4.5 Calculations Using the

Chemical Equation
Calculation quantities of reactants and
products in a chemical reaction has many
applications
Need a balanced chemical equation for the
reaction of interest
The coefficients represent the number of
moles of each substance in the equation

Chemical Equation
General Principles
1. Chemical formulas of all reactants and
products must be known
2. Equation must be balanced to obey the
law of conservation of mass
Calculations of an unbalanced equation are

meaningless
3. Calculations are performed in terms of

moles
Coefficients in the balanced equation

represent the relative number of moles of
products and reactants

Chemical Equation
Using the Chemical Equation

Examine the reaction:
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Coefficients tell us?
2 mol H2 reacts with 1 mol O2 to produce 2
mol H2O
What if 4 moles of H2 reacts with 2 moles of
O 2?
It yields 4 moles of H2O

Chemical Equation
Using the Chemical Equation

2H2 + O2 2H2O
The coefficients of the balanced equation
are used to convert between moles of
substances
How many moles of O2 are needed to
react with 4.26 moles of H2?
Use the factor-label method to perform
this calculation

Chemical Equation
Use of Conversion Factors

2H2 + O2 2H2O
__mol
O2
1
4.26 mol H 2
2.13 mol O2
__
2 mol H 2
Digits in the conversion factor come
from the balanced equation

Chemical Equation
Conversion Between Moles

and Grams
Requires only the formula weight
Convert 1.00 mol O2 to grams
of
grams of
Plan the path moles
Oxygen
Oxygen
Find the molar mass of oxygen
32.0 g O2 = 1 mol O2
Set up the equation
Cancel units 1.00 mol O2 x 32.0 g O2
1 mol O2
Solve equation 1.00 x 32.0 g O2 = 32.0 g O2

Chemical Equation
Conversion of Mole Reactants to

Mole Products
Use a balanced equation
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)
3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
1 mol C3H8 results in:

5 mol O2 consumed
1 mol C3H8 /5 mol O2
3 mol CO2 formed
1 mol C3H8 /3 mol CO2
4 mol H2O formed
1 mol C3H8 /4 mol H2O
This can be rewritten as conversion

factors

Chemical Equation
Calculating Reacting Quantities

Calculate grams O2 reacting with 1.00 mol C3H8
Use 2 conversion factors
Moles C3H8 to moles O2

Moles of O2 to grams O2
moles
C3 H8
moles
Oxygen
grams
Oxygen
Set up the equation and cancel units

1.00 mol C3H8 x 5 mol O2 x 32.0 g O2 =
1 mol C3H8 1 mol O2
1.00 x 5 x 32.0 g O2 = 1.60 x 102 g O2

Chemical Equation
Calculating Grams of Product

from Moles of Reactant
Calculate grams CO2 from combustion of 1.00
mol C3H8
Moles C3H8 to moles CO2

Moles of CO2 to grams CO2
moles
C3 H8
moles
CO2
grams
CO2

1.00 mol C3H8 x 3 mol CO2 x 44.0 g CO2 =
1 mol C3H8 1 mol CO2
1.00 x 3 x 44.0 g CO2 = 1.32 x 102 g CO2

Chemical Equation
Relating Masses of Reactants

and Products
Calculate grams C3H8 required to produce
36.0 grams of H2O
Grams H2O to moles H2O

Moles H2O to moles C3H8
Moles of C3H8 to grams C3H8
grams
H2 O
moles
H2 O
moles
C3 H8
grams
C3 H8

36.0 g H2O x 1 mol H2O x 1 mol C3H8 x 44.0 g C3H8
18.0 g H2O 4 mol H2O 1 mol C3H8
36.0 x [1/18.0] x [1/4] x 44.0 g C3H8 = 22.0 g C3H8

Chemical Equation
Calculating a Quantity of Reactant

Ca(OH)2 neutralizes HCl
Calculate grams HCl neutralized by 0.500 mol
Ca(OH)2
Write chemical equation and balance
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq)
CaCl2(s) + 2H2O(l)
Plan the path

moles
Ca(OH)2
moles
HCl
grams
HCl

0.500 mol Ca(OH)2 x 2 mol HCl x 36.5 g HCl
1 mol Ca(OH)2 1 mol HCl
Solve equation 0.500 x [2/1] x 36.5 g HCl = 36.5 g HCl

Chemical Equation
General Problem-solving Strategy

Chemical Equation
Sample Calculation
Na + Cl2 NaCl
1. Balance the equation 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
2. Calculate the moles Cl2 reacting with
5.00 mol Na
3. Calculate the grams NaCl produced when
5.00 mol Na reacts with an excess of Cl2
4. Calculate the grams Na reacting with
5.00 g Cl2

Chemical Equation
Theoretical and Percent Yield
Theoretical yield - the maximum amount of

product that can be produced
Pencil and paper yield
Actual yield - the amount produced when

the reaction is performed
Laboratory yield
Percent yield:
actual yield
% yield
100%
theoretical yield
= 125 g CO2 actual x 100% = 97.4%

132 g CO2 theoretical

Chemical Equation
Sample Calculation
If the theoretical yield of iron was 30.0 g
and actual yield was 25.0 g, calculate the
percent yield:
2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) Al2O3(aq) + 2Fe(aq)
[25.0 g / 30.0 g] x 100% = 83.3%
Calculate the % yield if 26.8 grams iron
was collected in the same reaction

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4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms

Periodic table gives atomic weights in amu

4.1 The Mole Concept and

Chemists usually work with much larger

4.1 The Mole Concept and

The Mole and Avogadros Number

4.1 The Mole Concept and

A mole is simply a unit that defines an

4.1 The Mole Concept and

1 mole of F is 19.00 g 19.00 g/mole F

19.00 amu F 1.66 10 24 g F 6.022 10 23 atom F

=19.00 g F/mol F or 19.00 g/mol F

4.1 The Mole Concept and

What is the molar mass of carbon?

This means counting out a mole of Carbon

4.1 The Mole Concept and

Calculating Atoms, Moles, and Mass

4.1 The Mole Concept and

Strategy for Calculations

Convert moles to atoms

4.1 The Mole Concept and

4.1 The Mole Concept and

Interconversion Between Moles,

4.2 The Chemical Formula,

Formula Weight and Molar Mass

4.2 The Chemical Formula,

Formula Weight and Molar Mass

4.2 The Chemical Formula,

Formula Weight and Molar Mass

4.2 The Chemical Formula,

Comparison of Hydrated and

Hydrated copper sulfate

Anhydrous copper sulfate

Marked color difference illustrates the fact

4.2 The Chemical Formula,

Formula Weight and Molar Mass

What is the formula weight of H2O?

Molar mass mass of a mole of compound in

What is the molar mass of H2O?

4.2 The Chemical Formula, Formula

What is the molar mass of (NH4)3PO4?

4.3 The Chemical Equation and the

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Features of a Chemical Equation

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Features of a Chemical Equation

Products and reactants must be

Reactants written on the left of arrow

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

The Experimental Basis of a

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Evidence of a Reaction Occurring

Formation of a solid (precipitate)

Heat is produced or absorbed

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Subtle Indications of a Reaction

and the Information It Conveys