Airfoils and wings

Elements of aeronautics

People not interested, plz be

quiet

Cross section shape obtained by the

intersection of wing with the plane
perpendicular is called airfoil

Airfoil

Design features of airfoil

Chord length
Center of pressure
Maximum thickness
Angle of attack
Camber
Aerodynamic center
Mean camber line

Mean camber
line
which is the
locus of points
halfway
between the
upper and lower
surfaces as
measured
perpendicular to
the mean
camber itself

Mean camber
line

Methods to find camber and max thickness

1.divide the airfoil into 10 equal segments

2.the longest of the segments then give the thickness of the profile
and locus of their centers is defined as mean caber line
3.another possibility is to define the mean camber line as the locus of the center of the circles inscribed to the profile

Chord length
The chord of an
airfoil is an imaginary
straight line drawn
through the airfoil
from its leading edge
to its trailing edge.

Camber
Maximum distance between mean
camber line and chord line, measured
perpendicular to the chord line

Maximum thickness
Maximum thickness of the
airfoil is the maximum
distance
from the bottom edge to the

Angle of attack
Angle between chord line and
relative wind is called angle of
attack

Aerodynamic center

Aerodynamic center
1. F1 is the resultant force due to the
upper surface pressure distribution
2.F2 is the resultant force due to the
lower surface pressure distribution.
3. if F2>F1, lift is produced.
4.this force will create a moment

Point at which the resultant force

acts
For each angle of attack,
pressure distribution over the
airfoil will vary
Thus the point at which resultant
acts also changes
The point at which resultant acts
is center of pressure
Center of pressure is the average
location of the pressure
The procedure for finding the
center of pressure point is similar
to the procedure for finding the
centroid in a cross section.

Aerodynamic center
So for change in each and every
angle of attack, the center of
pressure will change and it will
induce a moment with a reference
point.
It is found experimentally and
analytically hat if force is applied
(1/4)th of chord from the leading
edge, the aerodynamic moment
remains constant for various angle of

definition
The location where aerodynamic
moment is constant with the
variation in angle of attack is called
aerodynamic center

 Velocity of air far

upstream of an
airfoil is called free
stream velocity
Direction of free
stream velocity is
called relative
wind

Lift and drag

Aerodynamic force
acting perpendicular
to the relative windlift
Aerodynamic force
acting parallel to the
relative wind-drag

Finding lift force

Lift is a function of following
parameter
Free stream velocity
Density at the altitude
Wing area
Angle of attack
Shape of the airfoil
Viscous effect
compressibility

Finding lift
Since lift force dependent of many
variable.it is hard to get accurate
results with the help of wind
tunnel( time constraint, large
collection of data)
So lift force is found by dimensional
analysis(?? study)

Drag and moment force

Airfoil designation
NACA(national advisory committee for aeronautics,
formerly NASA) systematically investigated the effect
of various airfoil parameter on aerodynamic behavior.
BASED ON CAMBER AND MAXIMUM THICKNESS
4 SERIES
5 SERIES
BASED ON EXTENSION OF LAMINAR FLOW
1 series, 2 series ..16 series

4 series

Symmetrical airfoil(NACA 0006)

Asymmetrical airfoil(NACA 2412)

4 SERIES
2412
This airfoil has (a) maximum camber of
2% occurring at 40% chord and (b)
maximum thickness ratio of 12%.
2- CAMBER IN PERCENTAGE OF CHORD
4-LOCATION OF MAX CAMBER IN TENTH
OF CHORD MEASURED FROM LE
12- MAX THICKNESS IN PERCENTAGE OF
CHORD

5 SERIES(NACA 24012)

5 SERIES
24012
First digit: first digit when multiplied by
0.15 gives optimum co efficient of lift
Second digit: when multiplied by 5,
gives the relative position of the point of
max camber along the chord from
leading edge.
Third digit: whether camber is simple or
reflex
Fourth and fifth digit: max thickness of
the airfoil (as a percentage of chord)

Why 6 ,7 series
A turbulent boundary layer results in
a higher skin friction drag coefficient
as compared to when the boundary
layer is laminar. Hence, maintaining
a laminar boundary layer over a
longer portion of the airfoil would
result in a lower drag coefficient.

6 SERIES

6 series

eg.662 215

1st digit 6 indicates that it is a 6 series airfoil

2nd digit 6 denotes the chordwise position of the
minimum pressure in tenths of chord
The suffix 2 indicates that the drag bucket
extends 0.2 around Clopt .
The digit 2 after the dash indicates that C is 0.2.
Thus in this case, drag opt bucket extends for C =
0.0 to 0.4. l
The last two digits 15 indicate that the thickness
ratio is 15%.

Cl vs Cd vsCm

7 series
Further advancement in maximizing
the laminar flow achieved by
separately identifying the pressure
zones on upper and lower surface

8 series
Super critical airfoil
Delay the wave drag
Critical mach number:
the freestream mach number at
which sonic flow is first obtained
somewhere on the airfoil surface is
called the critical mach number

SUPER CRITICAL AIRFOIL

Critical mach number

Angle
Angle of
of Incidence
Incidence
The
Theangle
anglebetween
between the
thewing
wing chord
chord line
lineand
andthe
the
fuselage
fuselagelongitudinal
longitudinal axis
axis

Dihedral
Dihedral
The
Theupward
upwardand
andoutward
outwardinclination
inclinationof
ofthe
thewing
wingto
tothe
thelateral
lateral
axis
axisof
ofthe
theairplane
airplane

Tip
Root

Wash
WashOut
Out
AAdecrease
decreasein
inthe
theangle
angleof
ofincidence
incidenceof
ofthe
thewing
wingfrom
fromroot
rootto
totip
tip

Anhedral
Anhedral
The
Thedownward
downwardand
andoutward
outwardinclination
inclinationof
ofthe
thewing
wingto
tothe
thelateral
lateral
axis
axisof
ofthe
theairplane
airplane

Wing
Wing Span
Span
The
The distance
distancefrom
from wing
wing tip
tip to
towing
wingtip
tip

Wing
Wing Tip
Tip
The
Theoutboard
outboardend
end of
of the
thewing
wingwhere
wherethe
thewing
wingairfoil
airfoil
shape
shapestops
stops

Different plan forms of wing

Different plan form of wing

Next class
Aspect ratio

Thank u