2G RNO BASIC TRAINING

Prepare By: Agung

Kriswantoro

Dropped Calls

Dropped Calls
Dropped calls show the number of abnormal disconnections during call setup or
during conversation. From a subscriber point of view, the most serious dropped
calls are those that interrupts an ongoing conversation, i.e. a call dropped on
the TCH.
1.Radio Link Failure
.Every time a SACCH message can not be decoded the radio link time-out
counter is decreased by 1. If the message can be decoded the counter is
incremented by 2. However, the value can not exceed the initial value.
. The initial value is set by the parameter RLT for radio link time-out in the
mobile station and by SACCH Multi Frame for time-out in the BSS.
. If the mobile moves out of coverage and no measurement reports are
received in the BSS, there will be a radio link time-out and the message Channel
Release (cause: abnormal release) sent to the mobile station and the SACCH is
deactivated in the BTS. A Clear Request message is sent to the MSC.
. To be sure that the mobile has stopped transmitting, the BSS now waits RLT
SACCH periods before the timeslot is released and a new call can be established
on the channel.

Radio Link Timeout BSS Radio Link

Timeout MS because MS Should release
radio channel first

1. Radio Link Timeout BSS Radio Link Timeout MS

2. because MS Should release radio channel first
3. Too High Radio Link Timeout BSS can cause congestion due to longer
channel holding time.
4. Too High Radio Link Timeout MS can cause costumer complain due to
connect no voice.

Causes of Radio Link Failure

Radio Link Failure event are due to below problem:

Interference
Internal interference
External interference
Equipment interference
Poor coverage
Coverage hole
Island sites
Uplink/downlink imbalance
Improper parameter setting
Radio link timeout, SACCH multi-frames
Handover parameters
Power control parameters
Equipment problem (Antenna, feeder, combiner, TRX)
Clock problem
Transmission problem

Page 6

Radio Link FailureInterference

Category
Co-channel interference
Adjacent-channel interference
Inter-modulation interference and other external
interference

/I :
C/A :
SM Recommendation >9 dB
GSM Recommendation >-9 dB
anning Criteria >12 dB (Non Hopping)
Planning Criteria >3 dB
anning Criteria >9 dB (Hopping)
C/A is to measure Adjacent channel
/I is to measure Co channel Interference tolerance.
Interference tolerance.
Page 7

Radio Link FailureInterference

/I :
C/A :
SM Recommendation >9 dB
GSM Recommendation >-9 dB
anning Criteria >12 dB (Non Hopping)
Planning Criteria >3 dB
anning Criteria >9 dB (Hopping)
C/A is to measure Adjacent channel
/I is to measure Co channel Interference tolerance.
Interference tolerance.
Page 8

Radio Link FailureInterference

Analysis:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

If Scan-TRX of cell results in the interference band 3, 4, and 5, usually the interference problem
should be taken into consideration.
If there are too many times of good Rx-Level but low Rx-Quality, it means: co-frequency or adjacent
frequency interference or external interference.
Handover measurement function from outgoing handover attempts distribution. If there are too
many times of handover caused by UL/DL Quality, it indicates possibly there is interference.
See from Scan TRX for Rx-Quality level of TRX for reference.
See from Scan TRX for Rx-Level and Rx-Quality upon call drop for reference.

Action:

First check equipment problems for inter-modulation interference. Mostly is bad feeder
installation or bad hardware output signal.
Perform drive test to check interference area and distribution of Rx-Quality to find the
interferer frequency for internal interference. Then do Cell/Cluster MAL/MAIO/HSN
retune.
Further search for the interference source with the spectrum analyzer to search
external interferer then escalate to proper part. Mostly repeater or illegal transmitter,
then escalate to proper part.
Activate Frequency hopping, DTX (Discontinuous Transmit) and power control functions
to reduce internal interference of the system. This is parameter setting.

Page 9

Radio Link FailureInterference

Not Overshoot, but has ICM band 5 and Bad UL
Signal Quality

Page 10

Radio Link FailureInterference

Sample of Clear spectrum

result

Sample of external interference from

CDMA which impact to Telkomsel cells
performance

DL CDMA Band suspected has too high power that disturb TSEL UL GSM Band (900.2Mhz).

11

Radio Link FailureInterference

Consider as interference issue.

12

Radio Link Failure- Coverage

1. Island Sites/Standalone sites
Island sites is a site which work alone to cover wide traffic area.
2. Coverage hole: uncovered area between cellsBlank Spot.
3. Signal attenuation: serious fading occurs during signal propagation so that
handover cannot be implemented in time and this causes a call drop.
4. The adjacent cell definition: incomplete neighbor relation definition, so that
MS keeps conversation in the current cell until it goes beyond this cell coverage
edge and as a result, call drop occurs.
5. Imbalance UL/DL: If the uplink signal coverage is larger than the downlink
signal coverage, the downlink signal of the cell edge will become weak and can
easily be submerged by the intensive signals of other cells. While if the
downlink signal coverage is larger than the uplink signal coverage, MS has to
remain under this intensive signal. However, if the uplink signal is too weak or the
voice quality is too bad, call drop will occur.

Page 13

System Balance

Double UL receiver = Double UL Receive power (UL Coverage

become wider))

Radio Link Failure- Coverage

Uplink Loss is Large (Uplink Coverage is
small)

Downlink Loss is Large (Downlink Coverage is

small)

Page 15

Radio Link Failure- Coverage

Analysis:
Drive test result is the best information to found the coverage problem.
1.Idle Receiving level report show proportion of low receiving level times is too large.
2.Inter-cell handover measurement function, the level when triggering a handover is
too low and the average receiving level is too low.
3.Receiving level during a call drop is too low and the TA value before a call drop is
big (Check from Scan-TRX report).
4.From scanning result, founded undefined adjacent cell receiving level is too high
(over-shooting coverage).The average level of undefined adjacent cells is too high
(isolated island phenomenon).
5. In outgoing-cell handover measurement function, the handover success rate to a
certain adjacent cell is low.
Solution for Coverage:
Adjust network parameters
1. Activate EDGE handover
2. Faster Edge (ULEDGETHRES/DLEDGETHRES) and Interlayer
handover (HOTHRES)
3. Adjust Cell Reselection Parameter (CRO/PT/CRH/RXMIN)
Add new sites
Increase antenna gain (change antenna type)
Adjust antenna direction (Tilt / Azimuth)
Page 16

2. Layer 2 Time-Out
T200 is a timer of acknowledgement transmission from BTS to MS through LAPD. When
BTS transmits a acknowledgement message to MS, T200 times is started in LAPD. If this
acknowledgement message is not received by MS until T200 timer is expired then the
transmission will be repeated (retransmission).The maximum retransmission is N200+1
times. T200 will be restarted in each retransmission. So, N200 is the maximum number of
retransmission of LAPD (Layer-2). If until N200+1 times of retransmission the
acknowledgement message, MS still doesnt receive this message, then the connection will
be dropped.

Longer T200 value, means longer BSS to wait.

Longer T200 value, means longer channel will hold by an UE. This will cause
congestion for sites which have hi Channel utilization.
Shorter T200 Value , means Faster BSS to trigger disconnection. This will cause
low SDSR.
Shorter T200 value , means easy for BSS to release channel which hold by UE
previously. This will reduce congestion at cell channel due to shorter channel
holding time.

3. Excessive Timing Advance

The TCH Drop counters due to Excessive Timing Advance will pegged during the time of disconnection, the
last Timing Advance value recorded was higher than the Max TA Parameter. This drop reason is commonly
apparent to isolated or island sites with a wide coverage area.
Action:
Check if the cell parameter Max TA is < 63.
Check if the co-channel cells are overshooting.
Solution:
Set Max TA to a value close to 63.
Activate TAHOEN.
Faster handover trigger due to TA -> Adjust TALIMIT to proper TA value base on site to site distance.
Tilt antenna/reduce antenna height/output power, etc. for co-channel cells.

4. Low Signal Strength on Downlink or Uplink or Both Links

Normally a call is dropped at the border of large rural cell with insufficient coverage. Bad tunnel coverage
cause many dropped calls as well as so called coverage holes. Bad indoor coverage will result in dropped
calls. Building shadowing could be another reason.
Action:
Check coverage plots.
Check output power.
Check power balance and link budget.
Check if Omni site.
Check antenna configuration & type.
Check antenna installation.
Perform drive tests & site survey.
Check TRX with high Fail Number.
Solution:
Add a repeater to increase coverage in for example a tunnel.
Change to a better antenna (with higher gain) for the base station.
Add a new base station if there are large coverage holes.
Block/unblock TRX
Adjust Power control parameter (SET GCELLPWRBASIC/SET GCELLPWR2/SET GCELLPWR3)

Parameter
type
Before
After

DLAFSREXQ DLAFSREXQ DLAHSREX DLAHSREX

ULAFSREXQ ULAFSREXQ ULAHSREX ULAHSREX
DLRXLEVP DLRXQUAL
UALHIGHT UALLOWTH QUALHIGH QUALLOWT DLMAXDO UALHIGHT UALLOWTH QUALHIGH QUALLOWT ULMAXDO ROTECTFA PROTECTFA
HRED
RED
THRED
HRED
WNSTEP
HRED
RED
THRED
HRED
WNSTEP
CTOR
CTOR

16
14

16
14

18
16

18
16

8
4

16
14

16
14

18
16

18
16

8
4

10
10

60
65

On 7th Nov. the power control optimization, improved DL/UL quality to

reducedrop callsdue to handover.
Parameter
type

DLFSREXQU DLFSREXQU DLHSREXQU DLHSREXQU ULFSREXQU ULFSREXQU ULHSREXQU ULHSREXQU ULRXQUALP DLRXLEVPR DLRXQUALP
ALHIGHTHR ALLOWTHRE ALHIGHTHR ALLOWTHRE ALHIGHTHR ALLOWTHRE ALHIGHTHR ALLOWTHRE ROTECTFAC OTECTFACT ROTECTFAC
ED
D
ED
D
ED
D
ED
D
TOR
OR
TOR

Before

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

65

10

65

After

14

14

15

15

14

14

15

15

75

15

75

On 16th Nov. the power control optimization, improved DL/UL quality to

reducedrop callsdue to handover.

5. Poor Quality on Downlink or Uplink or Both Links

Problem on Bad Quality is usually associated with Co-channel Interference on BCCH or TCH. Faulty MAIO
assignment can cause frequency collisions on co-sited cells especially on 1x1 Reuse. External interference
is also one possible cause of problem on quality.
Action:
Check C/I and C/A plots.
Check Frequency Plan (Co-BCCH or Co-BSIC Problem).
Check MAIO, HOP, HSN parameters.
Check FHOP if correctly configured (BB or SFH).
Check for External Interference.
Perform drive tests.
Solution:
Change BCCH frequency.
Change BSIC.
Change MAIO, HOP, HSN.
Change MAL.

6. Sudden Loss of Connection

There are some common scenarios that could lead to Sudden Loss of connections such as very sudden and
severe drops in signal strength, such as when subscribers enter into buildings, elevators, parking garages,
etc., very sudden and severe occurrence of interference, MS runs out of battery during conversation,
Handover Lost, BTS HW faults, Synchronization or A-bis link fault (transmission faults), and MS Faults.
Action:
Check BTS Error Logs, Alarms and Fault Codes.
Check Fail number per TRX and TS.
Check Transmission Link (A-bis).
Check LAPD Congestion.
Correlate Handover Lost to Drops due to Sudden Loss
Solution:
Fix Hardware Faults and Alarms.
Reset TRX with high Fail Number.
Ensure that Synchronization and A-bis Link are stable.
increase Transmission Capacity
Investigate HO Lost Problem

7. Improper feature activation

Feature activation which activated not in proper cell will cause new problem.
Incorrect use of radio features such as Dynamic Power Control, handover, Intra-Cell Handover, Frequency
Hopping, etc.
Action: Check Feature parameter setting.
Solution: Correct strange and erroneous parameter setting. Below is the sample

Adjusted 119 cells INTRACELLHOEN YES->NO at 16 Nov, Observe the

performance of the adjusted, Call Drops on Radio Interface in Handover State
decreased, Call Drops on Radio Interface in Stable State did not significantly
improve. Significantly improved the overall call drop number.

8. Bad Parameter Configuration

Some idle and dedicated parameter which adjusted not in rule will cause KPI degradation.
Action: Check parameter setting.
Solution: Correct strange and erroneous parameter setting. Below is the sample

Parameter
type

T3103A

T3103C

T7

T8

T3109

T3105

MAXRESEND

Before

15000

15000

10000

16000

27000

30

After

20000

20000

22000

22000

30000

15

60

After the cellHandoverparameters optimization, improved the handover

performance to reducedrop callsdue to handover.

SDCCH Drop Performance

Probable Reasons of Drops on SDCCH

Low Signal Strength on Down or Uplink
The reason for poor coverage could be too few sites, wrong output power, shadowing, no indoor
coverage or network equipment failure.
Action: Check coverage plots. Check output power. Perform drive tests. Check BTS error log
Solution:
Add new sites.
Increase output power.
Repair faulty equipment.
Adjust TRX POWER parameter (POWT/POWL)
Adjust antenna direction & Tilt
Poor Quality on Down or Uplink
Action: Check C/I and C/A plots. Check frequency plan. Perform drive tests.
Solution:
Change frequency.
Adjust TRX POWER parameter (POWT/POWL)
Move SDCCH to BCCH TRX
Too High Timing Advance
Action: Check if the cell parameter Max TA is < 63. Check if the co-channel cells are over-heard.
Solution: Set Max TA to a value close to 63. Tilt antenna/reduce antenna height/output power, etc.
for co-channel cells.
Mobile Error
Some old mobiles may cause dropped calls if certain radio network features are used. Another reason
is that the MS is damaged and not working properly.
Action: .Check MS type from Core team.
Solution: Inform operator.

Probable Reasons of Drops on SDCCH

Subscriber Behavior
Poorly educated subscribers could use their handsets incorrectly by not raising antennas,
choosing ill-advised locations to attempt calls, etc.
Action: Check customer complaints and their MS.
Battery Flaw
When a subscriber runs out of battery during a conversation, the call will be registered as
dropped call due to low signal strength or others.
Action: Check if MS power regulation is used. Check if DTX uplink is used.
Congestion on TCH
The SDCCH is dropped when congestion on TCH.
Action: Check TCH congestion
Solution: Increase capacity on TCH or using features like Assignment to another cell (Direct
retry), Cell Load Sharing, HCS, Half rate parameter(TCHAJFLAG,TCHBUSYTHRESH) etc.

Handover Performance

Handover Performance
Handover is a key function in a GSM network and a key technology of mobile
communication system which make continued conversation become possible. If
the handover performance is poor the subscriber will perceive the quality of the
network as bad.

MSC 2
BSC 1
intra
cell

MSC 1
target

inter
BSC

source

outgoing
inMSC controlledcoming

inter BSC
cell

MSC controlled

Probable Reasons of Bad Handover Performance

Bad handover Parameter Setting
A bad setting of handover control parameters might result that the handover will
seldom rank the cell as a candidate.
Action: Check parameter setting.
Solution: Correct bad parameter setting
(GCELLHOBASIC/GCELLHOEMG/GCELLHOCTRL, etc)
Unnecessary Neighboring Cell Relation
None or very few handovers might indicate an unnecessary neighboring cell
relation.
Action: Check neighbor cell relations
Solution: Check if the relations really should be defined. Remove unnecessary
cell relations. Maximum relation are 32 for inter2G and 32 for Inter System (2g to
3G).
But recommended are 15 for each handover type. To reduce signaling load.
The Base Station is Defined But Not in Service.
Action: Check reason for BTS not in service.
Solution: Take action to set the base station in service.
HW faults.
Action: Check BTS error log.

Probable Reasons of Bad Handover Performance

Wrong External Cell Configuration
This will cause no handover decisions to the an external cell.
Action: Check external cell data (BCCH/NCC/BCC/LAC/CI)
Solution: Change it to correct Value.
Permitted Network Color Code problem
If NCCPERMIT doesnt include neighboring cells NCC, there will be no handovers.
Action: Check NCCPERMIT.
Solution: Add NCC of neighbors to NCCPERMiT.
Wrong Use of Layer
Action: Check Layer related parameters. Wrong layer will influence traffic share strategy. Then it
will give impact to other KPI.
Solution: Change to proper value. SET GCELLBASICPARA: LAYER= x;
Poor inter-MSC/BSC handover performance
If the cell is at the border of inter-BSC or inter-MSC, poor inter-MSC/BSC handover performance
will cause few or no handover attempts.
Action: Check inter-MSC/BSC handover performance
The MS Measures Signal Strength of Another Co- or Adjacent.
Action: Check frequency plan..Perform drive tests.
Solution: Decrease interference. .
Bad Use of Radio Network Features
Incorrect use of radio features such as Dynamic Power Control, handover, Intra-Cell Handover,
Frequency Hopping, etc.
Action: Check Feature parameter setting.

Probable Reasons of Bad Handover Performance

Congestion
A high congestion might lead to dragged calls (handover performed at a improper location) and a
lot of unsuccessful handovers.
Action: Check TCH congestion at both origin and destination cells.
Solution: Add more TCH capacity. Activate Half rate feature (TCHAJFLAG), Adjust Share traffic
parameter.
Timer Expire After MS is Lost (T3103A/C,T7,T8,etc)
The MS never answers the base station.
Action: Check coverage. Check interference. Longer the timer may improve it, but will make
longer channel holding time.
Link Connection or HW Failure
Action: Check BTS error log. Perform site visit. Perform link performance measurements.
Solution: Repair faulty equipment.
Bad Antenna Installation
Action: Perform site survey and check antenna installation. Check antenna cabling.
Solution: Adjust antenna installation, antenna type or cabling.
Antennas Connected to Wrong Feeder
Action: Perform site survey and check antenna installation. Check antenna cabling.
Solution: Correct the antenna to the right sector.
Incorrect Down Tilt
Action: Perform site survey and check antenna installation.
Solution: Correct antenna tilting. To much down tilt value will cause blank coverage and dragging.
Too Big tilt value will cause overshoot till N Layer, which neighbor not create at N layer area.

Link Connection or HW Failure

TRX346 & 223 Hardware problem of site 2131103_AntsnKecilTimur. After

solved the problem, the incoming handover success number became
normal.

SDCCH Congestion

Probable Reasons of SDCCH Congestion

Low Availability
Action: Check SDCCH Availability. Check if the channels are manual, control or automatic
blocked.
Solution: Change and repair faulty equipment. Review the O&M procedures.
Increasing Traffic Demand
The high traffic could be related to an occasional event or due to a long term growth.
Action: Check if short term traffic growth. Make trend comparisons. Check SDCCH
dimensioning.
Solution: Increase the number of SDCCH channels. Note, that an increase may lead to the
need for new transceivers.
Long Mean Holding Time
If the mean holding time is long, this generates a higher traffic load.
Action: Check SDCCH Mean Holding Time.
Too Frequent Periodic Registration
Action: Check Random Access Distribution. Check the timer T3212 in the BSC and the
parameters
BTDM and GTDM in the MSC
Solution: Decrease the periodic registration (t3212) and Adjust CRH (Cell Reselection
Hysteresis).

Probable Reasons of SDCCH Congestion

Location Area Border Cell
If the cell is situated on a misplaced Location Area border, this means that unnecessary
many normal LUs are performed.
Action: Check site position and location area border. Check Location Update Performance.
Check parameter CRH etc.
Solution: If the site is located close to major road or railway, consider to move the
Location Area border. Increase the hysteresis CRH. The CRH is the hysteresis value used

when the MS in idle mode crosses a LA border. The default value for this parameter is 4. If
a high number of Location Updating occurs in a Location Area border cell, a higher CRH
can be set in order to reduce the number of LUs.
Extensive SMS Usage
Extensive SMS usage increases the SDCCH traffic and could cause congestion if badly
dimensioned SDCCH channels.
Action: Check SMS activity.
Solution: Re-dimension the SDCCH channels with consideration taken to SMS usage.
Cell Broadcast Used
Action: Check if Cell Broadcast is active. .If active, check if it is used by the operator.
Solution: Remove Cell Broadcast if not used (SDCCH_CBCH).
IMSI Attach/Detach in Use.
An introduction of IMSI attach/detach will increase the traffic on SDCCH. However, the
benefits are that the paging success rate will increase. The recommendation is to use
Attach/Detach.
BTS /Cell Software Hang
Action: Reset BTS . It will restart all hardware onsite.

Probable Reasons of SDCCH Congestion due

to Long Mean Holding Time
Congestion on TCH
Action: Check TCH Congestion
Solution: Increase the TCH capacity.
Congestion on Signaling Routes
Action: Check signaling performance & transmission capacity.
Solution: Add more transmission capacity or re-route traffic if possible.
False Accesses
No response from MS after Channel Request. The system waits about T200 seconds before
performing a disconnection and the channel is available again.
Action: Check frequency plan. Check interference.
Solution: Improve frequency plan and reduce interference. Reduce T200 SDCCH value.
Faulty Transceiver
Action: Check BTS error log.
Solution: Change & repair faulty equipment

TCH Congestion

Probable Reasons of TCH Congestion

Increasing Traffic Demand
The high traffic could be related to an occasional event or due to a long term growth.
Action:. Check if short term traffic growth. Make trend comparisons..Check TCH
dimensioning. Check the use of congestion relieving features such as Assignment to Worse
cell, Cell Load Sharing and HCS.
Solution: Increase the number of transceivers. But check for frequency availability.
Bad Dimensioning
Bad allocation of TCH in a system may cause unnecessary congestion. Investigate if
possible to move transceivers from non-congested areas to congested areas (Rebalancing).
Of course, the base station type, current number of transceivers, floor space, combiner
type, etc., should be considered before a recommendation to move transceiver could be
made.
Action: Check TCH traffic and dimensioning.
Solution: Re-dimension the TCH.
Hardware Fault & Installation Fault
Faulty equipment will lead to that all time slots could not be used for handling traffic
causing congestion. Low availability can happen if the channels have been manually or
automatically blocked and taken out of service.
Action: Check TCH Availability. Check TCH blocking.
Solution: Change and repair faulty equipment. Review the O&M procedures.

Probable Reasons of TCH Congestion

High Antenna Position
A high antenna position could mean a too large service area. Also antennas placed on
hilltops will cover large areas. A large coverage area might mean that the cell takes a lot of
traffic.
Action: Check antenna height. Check antenna type. Check antenna tilt
Solution: Lower antenna if there is no risk for loss of coverage (no coverage at all). Tilting
of the antenna or changing antenna type may also decrease the coverage area.
Wrong Use of Layer
Action: Check Layer related parameters. Wrong layer will influence traffic share strategy.
Then it will give impact to other KPI.
Solution: Change to proper value. SET GCELLBASICPARA: LAYER= x;
Low Handover Activity
A low handover activity may lead to congestion if the MS is forced to stay on a cell longer
than necessary.
Action: Check if congestion in neighboring cell. Check handover performance. Check
neighboring cell definitions. Missing relations
could cause handover problems.
Solution: Correct handover parameters such as too high or too low hysteresis/Threshold
values, missing neighbor relations, one-way handovers.
Low Congestion in Surrounding Cells
Action: Check congestion in neighboring cells. Review neighbor cell list. New relation could
relieve the congestion.
Solution: Add new neighbor cells if appropriate. Then adjust
CRO/GCELLHOBASIC/GCELLHOEMG parameter.

PS Access Success Rate

obable Reasons of Low PS Access Success

Radio Channel Congestion
High PS traffic compare to available PS channel.
Action:. Check if PS has higher traffic load but CS is not. Or PS and CS has same high
load.
Solution: Add more PS capacity (TCHFR or PDTCH)SET GTRXCHAN and adjust PS channel
conversion threshold.
TCHs are set to TCHHR
While a TCH is on TCHHR status, then it can not become a PS channel.
Action: Check PS traffic compare to TCHFR+PDTCH.
Solution: Change TCHHR to TCHFR as initial channel state.
Fail Conversion from TCH to PDTCH
While PDTCH capacity in a cell already full, then system will try to convert TCHFR to PDTCH. But it
will fail if TCH in congestion state
Action: Check TCH Availability. Check TCH blocking.
Solution: Change and repair faulty equipment. Review the O&M procedures. Do CS traffic share to
improve PS capacity.
Imbalance/Overload PDTCH distribution at DSP board.
DSP use in BSC to process PS service before forward to SGSN. When DSP load is more than 80%
then some cells under this DSP will have low PS accessibility.
Action: Check DSP load distribution for every slot number.
Solution:
If Imbalance load: try to make Cell-DSP mapping become automatic (SET PSCELLTODSP:
IDXTYPE=BYBSC;)
If Overload DSP: Add more DSP board.
Abis Congestion

E1
Description
1
1
1
1
1

E1 contain 32 timeslot (0-31)

Timeslot in E1 contain 4 Sub slot.
E1 =2.048 Mbps
Timeslot in E1 = 2.048 Mbps/32 = 64 Kbps
E1 Sub slot in E1 = 64 Kbps/4 = 16 Kbps

If user get 1 E1 sub slot and single/alone TBF in 1

PDTCH, then he has 16 Kbps throughput at maximum
(Theoretical). Then we have coding scheme to compress
the data become smaller. GPRS has CS1-CS4/EDGE has
MCS1-9.

obable Reasons of Low PS Access Success

HI TBF number In Uplink and Downlink
High PS traffic compare to TBF capacity in 1 PDTCH.
Action:. Check for maximum TBF in BH.
Solution: Adjust UL/DL multiplexing. Too high will cause throughput degradation/Too Small
will cause high throughput but small TBF capacity.

Parameter LQCMODE T3168 UPDYNCHNTRANLEV DWNDYNCHNTRANLEV PDCHUPLEV PDCHDWNLEV

Before

LA

500ms

40

40

70

80

After

IR

1000ms

20

20

70

160

LQCMODE: Use IR can to obtain better effect when the UM transmission quality is poor.
T3168:Decrease the number of times of MS no response .
UPDYNCHNTRANLEV: Faster uplink switch PDCH request.
DWDYNCHNTRANLEV: Faster downlink switch PDCH request.
PDCHDWNLEV:TBF to increase the number of carrying PDCH.

GPRS AND EDGE

Both GPRS and EDGE using same 2G GSM technology. EDGE
developed to improve 2G data Rate better than GPRS.
EDGE is a method to increase the data rates on the radio link for
GSM. Basically, EDGE only introduces a new modulation technique
and new channel coding
that can be used to transmit both packet-switched and circuitswitched voice and data services.

Although GPRS and EDGE share the same symbol rate, the modulation bit rate differs.
EDGE can transmit three times as many bits as GPRS during the same period of time.
This is the main reason for the higher EDGE bit rates.

GPRS AND EDGE

EDGE using GMSK for MCS1-4 then
8PSK for MCS5-9.
GPRS using GMSK modulation
technology.
Both GPRS CS1 to CS4 and EGPRS
MCS1 to MCS4 use GMSK modulation
with slightly different throughput
performances. This is due to
differences in header size (and
payload size) of the EGPRS packets.

Frequency Hopping

There are 3 Types of Frequency Hopping:

1. Baseband Hopping (BB)
Baseband Hopping concept, assign Frequency for every TRX in a cell.
This Frequency planning method has less capacity, because limitation TRX count base on
frequency availability. 1 TRX= 1 Frequency
Minimum MAL Frequency should provide/Sites= Count TRX Hopping

2. Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SFH)

SFH

SFH 1*3
SFH 1*1
Concept offer more TRX capacity with efficient frequency management. Result are:
increment capacity which improve CS and PS performance
Improved voice quality and prevention of dropped calls in GSM

Minimum MAL Frequency should provide= 2 * Count TRX Hopping * 3

3. Enhanced SFH

Frequency Hopping Parameter

MAL (Mobile Allocation Set):

MA is the set of available RF bands when hopping, containing at most
64 frequency carriers. The frequency being used must be those of the
available frequency

MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset)

MAIO is used to define the initial frequency of the hopping.
Be careful to configure the MAIO of same timeslot in all channels,
otherwise interference occurs.

HSN (hopping sequence number)

HSN is used to define the hopping sequence from one frequency list.

HSN=0 cycle hopping.

HSN0 random hopping. Every sequence number
corresponds a pseudo random sequence.

Baseband Frequency Hopping Mapping

Every TRX have 1

Frequency result.
If we have 4 TRX
then we should
have 4 clean
frequency.

SFH 1*3 Frequency Hopping Mapping

MAL is drawn up from high to low

Every sector has different MAL.

MAIO is depend on TRX HOPPING Count.

SFH 1*1 Frequency Hopping Mapping

Every sector has Same MAL.

MAIO is depend on TRX HOPPING Count.

Cell Selection / Reselection

Cell Selection and Reselection Parameter

C1 is a cell selection algorithm employed in GSM and GPRS. The
algorithm uses the power received from cells plus additional
parameters in order to assess the cell that will provide the best radio
connection for the MS (Mobile Station).
C2 is the GSM cell reselection algorithm. Once the MS (Mobile
Station) has camped onto a cell it will continue to assess the
surrounding cells to ensure it is monitoring the cell that will offer the
best radio connection. As the user moves the camped on cell may
become unsuitable. This situation will generate a cell reselection.
C31 is a criteria based algorithm used as part of the GPRS cell
reselection process. It is used to assess if prospective cells qualify as
reselection candidates prior to applying the C32 GPRS cell
reselection algorithm.
C32 is the GPRS cell reselection algorithm. Once the MS (Mobile
Station) has camped onto a cell it will continue to assess the
surrounding cells to ensure it is monitoring the cell that will offer the
best radio connection. As the user moves the camped on cell may
become unsuitable. This situation will generate a cell reselection.

Cell Selection Parameter

C1 = (Amax(B,0))
where

A = Average Received level from Cell RX_ACCESS_MIN (in dBm)

B = MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH P (in dBm).
The Average received level (AV_RXLEV) is found by averaging RXLEV samples over a period.
RX_ACCESS_MIN is a cell parameter which set minimum allowed RXLEV for an MS to access
that cell.
MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH is the maximum TX power an MS may use when accessing the system
(using RACH).
P is the maximum RF output power of the MS, usually 33dBm for a handheld GSM900 and
30dBm for a handheld GSM1800 MS. Often the latter term in C1 equals 0 and equation (1) can
be simplified to;

C1 = AV_RXLEV RX_ACCESS_MIN
For example, if the minimum allowed level to gain access to a cell is 100dBm and
the received average level at the cells BCCH frequency is -80 dBm, MS calculates
C1 as +20 for that particular cell. MS camps to the cell with the highest C1 value.
There is an exception to the standard procedure described above. When MS
evaluates C1 values for cells belonging to a different Location Area (LA), it subtracts
a parameter called CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS from the C1 value, which means
that those cells are given a negative offset. The reason for this is that changing LA
requires a Location Update (LU) procedure that consumes network signaling
capacity. Thus, by assigning a negative offset to C1, unnecessary LUs caused by
slow fading can be reduced. MS receives information of the cell dependent
CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS values through BCCH.

Cell Re-Selection Parameter

Cell reselection criterion C2 is defined as
C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET TEMPORARY_OFFSET*H
when
timer T > PENALTY_TIME then H=0 >>>> C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
timer T PENALTY_TIME then H=1 >>>> C2=C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
TEMPORARY_OFFSET
Penalty Time=31 >>>> C2 = C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET

BCCH Re-selection in Border LAC

Higher CRH value will hold an
UE in a cell longer. Then give
decrement of Location update
attempt.

2G SYSTEM
INFORMATION
IMPORTANT TO KNOW

System Information Overview

SYSTEM INFORMATION sent on BCCH
SYSTEM INFORMATION Includes:
1, 2, 2BIS, 2TER, 3, and 4 Used by MS in idle mode.
SYSTEM INFORMATION sent on SACCH
SYSTEM INFORMATION Includes:
5, 5BIS, 5TER, and 6 Used by MS in Dedicated mode.

IDLE SYSTEM
INFORMATION
SYSTEM INFORMATION 3:
SYSTEM INFORMATION 1:

Cell Identity
Cell Channel Description
LAI( location area identity)
contains all the frequencies used in this cell
Control Channel Description
RACH Control Parameter
MS ATTACH/DEATTACH allowed Indicator ATT,
BS-AG-BLKS-RES, CCCH-CONF, BA-PA-MFRMS,
SYSTEM INFORMATION 2:
and T3212.
Cell Option (BCCH
Neighbor Cell Frequency Description
Cell Selection Parameter
NCC permitted
RACH Control Parameter
RACH Control Parameter

SYSTEM INFORMATION 4:
LAI
SYSTEM INFORMATION 2BIS:
Cell Selection Parameter
Extended neighbor cell BCCH frequency description
RACH Control Parameter
CBCH Channel Description
RACH Control Parameter
CBCH Mobile Configuration
SYSTEM INFORMATION 2TER :
SI4 Rest Oct. (parameters related to cell
reselection)
Extended neighbor cell BCCH frequency description

MS using dual band

SYSTEM INFORMATION 7 & 8:

Cell reselection parameter indicator (PI)
Cell Bar Qualify (CBQ)
Cell Bar Access (CBA)
Cell_Reselect_Offset (CRO)
Temporary Offset (TO)

DEDICATED SYSTEM
INFORMATION

SYSTEM INFORMATION 5:

Neighbor Cell BCCH Frequency Description.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 5BIS:

Extended neighbor cell BCCH frequency description

SYSTEM INFORMATION 5TER:

Extended neighbor cell BCCH frequency description

Only dual band MS can read information.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 6:
Cell Global Identity (CGI)
LAI
Cell Option
NCC Permitted

2G CHANNEL
CONFIGURATION
IMPORTANT TO KNOW

Important Type of TRX Channel Type

TCHFR(TCH Full Rate)

Can automatically converted to PDTCH at PS BH base on Dynamic PDTCH Conversion parameter
It has 13 kbit/s
TCHHR(TCH Half Rate)
Cannot automatically converted to PDTCH at PS BH base on Dynamic PDTCH Conversion parameter
It has 5.6 kbit/s
SDCCH8(SDCCH8)
Contain 8 sub slot = 8 user at same time
MBCCH(Main BCCH)
Every cell in 2G should have BCCH for system information broadcast
CBCCH(Combined BCCH)
BCCH + CCCH
BCH(BCH),
Extended BCCH
BCCH_CBCH(BCCH+CBCH)
BCCH + Cell Broadcast
SDCCH_CBCH(SDCCH+CBCH)
SDCCH/4+ Cell Broadcast
PDTCH
For Static PS Channel
DL have 16 TBF at maximum an UL have 7 TBF capacity at Maximum
Other:
PBCCH_PDTCH(PBCCH+PDTCH),
PCCCH_PDTCH(PCCCH+PDTCH),
DPDCH(Dynamic PDCH)

Some Sample of Parameter

Adjustment reference
1.Power Control 3
2.INTRACELLHOEN
3.EDGESTAT1/ EDGELAST1
4.EGPRS11BITCHANREQ/LQCMODE
5.MAXRESEND
6.SUPPSDLPC

Power Control 3
Implementation

CR

Site Information

1. Change power control type II to power control type III for all cells of cluster Kudus on Mar 26.
2. Type III have more efficient power control than power control II.
3. All CS KPI improve after adjust.

Power Control 3
Implementation

Site Information

CSSR increased
after adjusted

SDSR increased
after adjusted

Power Control 3
Implementation

Site Information

TDR decreased
after adjusted

HOSR increased
after adjust.

INTRACELLHOEN

CR

Site Information

1. Adjust parameter INTRACELLHOEN from Yes to No for all NPI cells on February 10.
2. All cells use the RF Hopping, the all TRX quality almost same in the one cell due to use the
same frequency.
3. TDR improve after adjust. but HOSR decreased due to more HO requests in the case of bad

INTRACELLHOEN
Site Information
CSSR increased
after adjusted

SDSR increased
after adjusted

INTRACELLHOEN
Site Information
TDR decreased
after adjusted

HOSR decreased
after adjust.

EDGESTAT1/ EDGELAST1

CR

Site Information

1. Adjust EDGESTAT1/ EDGELAST1 to faster for all cells of cluster Kudus on Mar 12
2. MS easier to execute EDGE Handover in the case of the poor Receive Level.
3. TDR &HOSR improve after adjusted.

EDGESTAT1/ EDGELAST1
Site Information
TDR decreased
after adjusted

HOSR increased
after adjusted

EGPRS11BITCHANREQ/LQCMODE
Site Information

1.

Adjust NO to YES for EGPRS11BITCHANREQ for all cells of cluster Kudus

on February 15

2.

Speed up the MS access to PDCH channel.

3.

IRs error correction better than LA.

4.

The PS performance improved after adjusted.

CR

EGPRS11BITCHANREQ/LQCMODE
Site Information

TBF completion Success rate increased after adjusted

EGPRS11BITCHANREQ/LQCMODE
Site Information
Uplink TBF
establish
Success Rate
increased after
adjust

Downlink TBF
establish
Success Rate
increased after
adjust.

MAXRESEND
Site Information

1. Adjust 40 to 150 for MAXRESEND for all cells of cluster Purwokerto on February 15
2. The CS performance improved after adjusted.

CR

MAXRESEND
Site Information
Uplink TBF
establish
Success Rate
increased after
adjust

Downlink TBF
establish
Success Rate
increased after
adjust.

MAXRESEND
Site Information
TDR decreased
after adjusted

HOSR increased
after adjust.

SUPPSDLPC
Parameter Summary

1. Feature activation for PS power control for cluster 4 of Yogya on Apr 12.
2. Reduce the PS interference of CS. improve the quality of CS.
3. The TDR&CSSR&HOSR improved after adjusted. But SDSR decreased due to
many cells still have interference.

CR

Page 76

SUPPSDLPC
Parameter Summary
CSSR increased
after adjust

SDSR
decreased after
adjust.

SUPPSDLPC
Parameter Summary
TDR decreased
after adjusted

HOSR increased
after adjust.