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COMBINED FORCES
CE 470: Steel Design
By Amit H. Varma
Pr
0.2
Pc
Pr 8 M rx M ry
1.0
Pc 9 M cx M cy
For
Pr
0.2
Pc
Pr M rx M ry
1.0
2Pc M cx M cy
cPY
bMp
bMn
bMp
P-M interaction
for zero length
P-M interaction
In-plane, full length
P-M interaction
Out-plane, full length
cPnx
bMn
bMp
kip ft 1
9 b M nx
8
kip ft 1
9 b M ny
p
bx
by
pPr 9
bx M rx by M ry 1.0
2
8
The values
of p and bx for each rolled W section is provided
First-Order Analysis
M2
P
V1
-V1
M(x)
Free Body
diagram
In undeformed state
x
M1
M(x) = M1+V1 x
Moment diagram
M2
M2
V1
-V1
M1
Free Body P
diagram
V1
x
M1
Moment diagram
M2
Clearly, there is a moment amplification due to secondorder effects. This amplification should be accounted for
in the results of the analysis.
The design moments for a braced frame (or frame
restrained for sway) can be obtained from a first order
analysis.
Cm
1.0
Pr
1
Pe1
P
Mo
Mo
+
Mo
P
Mmax
Mo
1
Pr
1
Pe2
2
2
Where, P
e2 = EI/(K2L ) and I is the moment of inertia
for the axis of bending, and K2 is the effective length factor
for the sway case.
This amplification is for all the beam-columns in the same
story. It is a story amplification factor.
The required forces (Pr, Vr, and Mr) can be obtained from a
first-order analysis of the frame structure. But, they have to
be amplified to account for second-order effects.
Pr = Pnt + B2 Plt
Vr = Vnt + B2 Vlt
Mr = B1 Mnt + B2 Mlt
Example