Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
MATERIALS
Advantages of using
textbooks
Negative effects of
textbooks
Advantages
Printed Materials
Disadvantages:
Most abstract form of reality
Immediate feedback limited
Proper reading level essential for full
usefulness
Less useful with low literate learners or
visually or cognitively impaired learners
Inappropriate for illiterate learners
Kinds of Instructional
Materials
I. Printed Materials
a. Textbooks
b. Supplemental materials
1. Workbooks
2. Duplicated Outlines
3. Teacher-prepared study guides
4. Reference Books
5. Pamphlets
6. Magazine Articles
7. Newspapers
PRINTED
MATERIALS
Printed
materials
include
textbooks, fiction and nonfiction
books, booklets, as well as wordprocessed documents prepared by
students and teachers.
Textbooks have long been the
foundation
of
classroom
instruction.
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATIONS
CURRICULUM
DETERMINATION.
Sometimes textbooks dictate the curriculum
rather than being used to support the
curriculum.
CURSORY
APPRAISAL.
Selection
committees might not examine textbooks
carefully.
Integration
The most common application of printed
materials is presenting information.
Students are given reading assignments
and are held accountable for the material
during class discussions and on tests.
Teacher-made
handouts
can
also
complement a teachers presentation, or
students may use them as they study
independently.
EXAMPLES
High school students read an assigned chapter
from the course textbook.
Student use library books, encyclopedias, or
newspapers to add to their knowledge of a topic.
. . . using handouts
that guide them
through learning
activities
Students use a step-by-step guide to write a book
report.
. . . implementing an
SQ3R method
Supplement
al Materials
Workbook
Printedmaterialaccompanying
a course text (textbook) that
containsexercises,problems,
andpracticematerial to clarify
and reinforce the lessons
presented in the textbook
Advantages
Workbooks also hold an advantage because they are usually smaller and lighter
than textbooks, which equates to less trouble when the student brings the book
home to complete theirhomework.
The term workbook is also used to describe other compilations of questions that
require the reader to completescratch-workwhen dealing with higher-level
mathematics. It can also be used as a training tool for certain job positions.
Handouts
The quality of handouts that is acceptable may
vary depending on their purpose and your
situation. Generally speaking, using a
xerographic photocopier or offset equipment
produces the most professional-looking copies.
No matter what method you choose, the
handouts you give your students should be clear,
logical, straightforward, concise, error-free, and
above all legible.
Teacher Prepared
Study Guide
Study guidescan be broad
based to facilitatelearningin a
number of areas, or be
resources that foster
comprehension of literature,
research topics, history, and
other subjects.
Reference Books
Reference books, Atlas,
dictionary, directory,
encyclopedia, handbook,
thesaurus, or any other work
designed to be used in finding
specific items of information,
rather than for cover to cover
reading.
Reference Books
Pamphlets
Pamphlets
Magazine
Articles in magazines are often a good way to gain an overview of your topic, but
will seldom give full information on where the author found the information
included. That is, a bibliography of sources is generally not included.
Some examples of magazines (among many others) that might have information
on our example topic include:
Newsweek
Time
Scientific American
Magazine Articles
Newspapers
Anewspaperis aperiodicalpublication
containingnews, other informativearticles(
listed below), and usuallyadvertising. A
newspaper is usually printed on relatively
inexpensive, low-gradepapersuch as
newsprint. The news organizations that publish
newspapers are themselves often
metonymicallycalled newspapers. Most
newspapers nowpublish onlineas well as
in print. The online versions are called
online newspapersor news sites
Newspapers
Audio Aids
(sound related
materials)
What is Audio?
An Audio format which render
content as music, speech or any
kind of materials to which a
student listens.
Audio formats include recorded
human voice and synthesized
electronic speech.
Audio Learning
Resources (contd)
Disadvantages
Relies only on sense of hearing
Some forms may be expensive
Lack of opportunity for
interaction between instructor
and learner
Phonograph
Phonograph,also
calledrecord
player,
instrument for reproducing sounds by means of the
vibration of astylus, or needle, following agrooveon
a rotatingdisc. A phonograph disc, or record, stores a
replica ofsoundwaves as a series of undulations in a
sinuous groove inscribed on its rotating surface by the
stylus. When the record is played back, another stylus
responds to the undulations, and its motions are then
reconverted into sound.
Phonograph
Tape Recorders
An
audiotape
recorder,tape
deckortape
machineis
an
audio storagedevice that records and
plays back sounds, including articulated
voices, usually usingmagnetic tape, either
wound on a reel or in acassette, for
storage. In its present day form, it records
a fluctuatingsignalby moving the tape
across atape headthat polarizes the
magnetic domainsin
the
tape
in
proportion to the audio signal. Taperecording devices includereel-to-reeltape
deck and the cassette deck.
Tape Recorders
Audiotapes/CDs
When to USE:
TIPS
Audiotapes/CDs
RADIO
CHARACTERISTICS OF AUDIO
EXPERIENCE
Immediacy : can describe the events as they
happen
Emotional impact :through the combined effect of
music , voice , and environmental sound students
interest can captured
One way communication :no possibility of students
feed back
Advantages of RECORDING
Recording can be stopped at will
Recording can play when we required
It can be used for introducing as well as
summarizing the topic
To evaluate the speech defect in ones
own speech
To teach good pronunciation in foreign
language