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INSTRUCTIONAL

MATERIALS

The role of materials


(Cunningsworth, 1995)

A resource for presentation materials


A source of activities for learner practice and
communicative interaction
A reference source for learners on grammar,
vocabulary, pronunciation, and so on
A source of stimulation and ideas for
classroom activities
A syllabus
A support for less experienced teachers

The functions of materials


As a source of language
As a learning support
For motivation and stimulation
For reference

(Dudley-Evans & St. John, 1998)

Advantages of using

textbooks

Provide structure and a syllabus for a program


Help standardize instruction
Maintain quality
Provide a variety of learning resources
Be efficient
Provide effective language models and input
Train teachers
Visually appealing

Negative effects of

textbooks

May contain inauthentic language


May distort content
May not reflect students needs
Can deskill teachers
Be expensive

Types of Instructional Materials


Printed Materials

Advantages

Available to learner in absence of teacher


Widely acceptable, familiar
Readily available, relatively cheap
Convenient form
Learner controls rate of reading
Content easily altered to target specific
audiences

Printed Materials
Disadvantages:
Most abstract form of reality
Immediate feedback limited
Proper reading level essential for full
usefulness
Less useful with low literate learners or
visually or cognitively impaired learners
Inappropriate for illiterate learners

Evaluating Printed Materials


Consider:
Nature of the audience
Literacy level required
Linguistic variety available
Brevity and clarity
Layout and appearance
Opportunity for repetition
Concreteness and familiarity

Kinds of Instructional
Materials
I. Printed Materials
a. Textbooks
b. Supplemental materials
1. Workbooks
2. Duplicated Outlines
3. Teacher-prepared study guides
4. Reference Books
5. Pamphlets
6. Magazine Articles
7. Newspapers

Kinds of Instructional Materials

II. Audio Aids


1. Radio
2. Phonograph
3. Tape Recorders

PRINTED
MATERIALS

Printed
materials
include
textbooks, fiction and nonfiction
books, booklets, as well as wordprocessed documents prepared by
students and teachers.
Textbooks have long been the
foundation
of
classroom
instruction.

ADVANTAGES

AVAILABILITY. Printed materials are readily


available on a variety of topics and in many
different formats.
FLEXIBILITY. They are adaptable to many
changes to many purposes and may be used
in any well-lit environment.
PORTABILITY. They are easily carried from
place to place and do not require any
equipment or electricity.

USER FRIENDLY. Properly designed


printed materials are easy to use, not
requiring special effort to navigate
through them.
ECONOMICAL. Printed materials are
relatively inexpensive to produce or
purchase and can be reused.
In fact, some may be obtained free, as
described in Chapter 4.

LIMITATIONS

READING LEVEL. The major limitation of


printed materials is that they are written
at a certain reading level.

MEMORIZATION. Some teachers require


students to memorize many facts and
definitions.

VOCABULARY. Some texts introduce a


large number of vocabulary terms and
concepts in a short amount of space.

ONE-WAY PRESENTATION. Since most


printed materials are not interactive, they
tend to be used in a passive way, often
without comprehension.

CURRICULUM
DETERMINATION.
Sometimes textbooks dictate the curriculum
rather than being used to support the
curriculum.
CURSORY
APPRAISAL.
Selection
committees might not examine textbooks
carefully.

Integration
The most common application of printed
materials is presenting information.
Students are given reading assignments
and are held accountable for the material
during class discussions and on tests.
Teacher-made
handouts
can
also
complement a teachers presentation, or
students may use them as they study
independently.

Printed materials are used in all subject


areas and with students of all ages once
they learn to read. The media center is a
source of a variety of printed materials on
countless topics and in almost every
conceivable format.
Guidelines and examples are found in
When to Use Printed Materials.

When to Use Printed Materials


GUIDELINES
. . . reading printed
information for
which they will be
held accountable
. . . supplementing
teacher-presented
material

EXAMPLES
High school students read an assigned chapter
from the course textbook.
Student use library books, encyclopedias, or
newspapers to add to their knowledge of a topic.

. . . using handouts
that guide them
through learning
activities
Students use a step-by-step guide to write a book
report.

. . . implementing an
SQ3R method

Students survey, ask questions, read, recite, and


review printed information about the Bill of Rights.

Supplement
al Materials

Supplemental Print Material


Print media, including photographs, reproductions of
pictures, drawings, murals, cartoons, and other print
materials are valuable supplemental aids. Charts,
diagrams, and graphs are also in this category. Many of
these items are suitable for long-term use on bulletin
boards and in briefing areas. Pictures, drawings, and
photographs are especially effective because they
provide common visual imagery for both instructors and
students. In addition, they also provide realistic details
necessary for visual recognition of important subject
material. In many cases, this type of supplemental
training media may be reproduced in a format for
projection on a screen or other clear surface.

Supplemental Print Material


Numerous other useful print items may
be considered as supplemental
training aids. Some of these include
study guides, exercise books, course
outlines, and syllabi. Well-designed
course outlines are especially useful to
students because they list the key
points and help students organize note
taking during a lecture.

Workbook
Printedmaterialaccompanying
a course text (textbook) that
containsexercises,problems,
andpracticematerial to clarify
and reinforce the lessons
presented in the textbook

Advantages

Workbooks are often used in schools for younger students, either in


middle schoolorelementary school. They are favored because students can
work directly in their books, eliminating the need forlooseleafand copying
questions from a textbook. In industry, they may be customized interactive
manuals which are used to help provide structure to an otherwisecomplex
problem.

Workbooks also hold an advantage because they are usually smaller and lighter
than textbooks, which equates to less trouble when the student brings the book
home to complete theirhomework.

The term workbook is also used to describe other compilations of questions that
require the reader to completescratch-workwhen dealing with higher-level
mathematics. It can also be used as a training tool for certain job positions.

More recently, electronic workbooks have permitted interactive and customized


learning. Such workbooks may be used on computers, laptops, PDAs, and may
be web-based.

Handouts
The quality of handouts that is acceptable may
vary depending on their purpose and your
situation. Generally speaking, using a
xerographic photocopier or offset equipment
produces the most professional-looking copies.
No matter what method you choose, the
handouts you give your students should be clear,
logical, straightforward, concise, error-free, and
above all legible.

Teacher Prepared
Study Guide
Study guidescan be broad
based to facilitatelearningin a
number of areas, or be
resources that foster
comprehension of literature,
research topics, history, and
other subjects.

Reference Books
Reference books, Atlas,
dictionary, directory,
encyclopedia, handbook,
thesaurus, or any other work
designed to be used in finding
specific items of information,
rather than for cover to cover
reading.

Reference Books

Pamphlets

A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (that is, without a hard cover or


binding). It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both
sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet), or it
may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at
the crease to make a simple book.
In order to count as a pamphlet, UNESCO requires a publication (other
than a periodical) to have "at least 5 but not more than 48 pages
exclusive of the cover pages"; a longer item is a book
The purpose of a pamphlet is
1. Pamphlets are useful in business communications.
2. To educate, inform, persuade, or entertain your intended audience.
3. To mobilize people to support your cause.
4. To advertise a meeting or specific event.
5. To popularize your slogans and messages.

Pamphlets

Magazine

Magazines may be referred to aspopular presspublications because


articles are often written by journalists, who gather information from
various sources and synthesize it into their stories or reports. Although a
journalist may specialize in a particular type of reporting, journalists are
not usually scholars. The audience for articles in magazines is usually
the general public.

Articles in magazines are often a good way to gain an overview of your topic, but
will seldom give full information on where the author found the information
included. That is, a bibliography of sources is generally not included.

Some examples of magazines (among many others) that might have information
on our example topic include:

Newsweek

Time

Scientific American

U.S. News & World Report

Magazine Articles

Newspapers
Anewspaperis aperiodicalpublication
containingnews, other informativearticles(
listed below), and usuallyadvertising. A
newspaper is usually printed on relatively
inexpensive, low-gradepapersuch as
newsprint. The news organizations that publish
newspapers are themselves often
metonymicallycalled newspapers. Most
newspapers nowpublish onlineas well as
in print. The online versions are called
online newspapersor news sites

Newspapers

Audio Aids
(sound related
materials)

What is Audio?
An Audio format which render
content as music, speech or any
kind of materials to which a
student listens.
Audio formats include recorded
human voice and synthesized
electronic speech.

Audio Learning Resources


Audiotapes, Radio, CD
Advantages
Widely available
May be especially beneficial to visuallyimpaired, low literate learners
May be listened to repeatedly
Most forms practical, cheap, small,
portable

Audio Learning
Resources (contd)
Disadvantages
Relies only on sense of hearing
Some forms may be expensive
Lack of opportunity for
interaction between instructor
and learner

Phonograph
Phonograph,also
calledrecord
player,
instrument for reproducing sounds by means of the
vibration of astylus, or needle, following agrooveon
a rotatingdisc. A phonograph disc, or record, stores a
replica ofsoundwaves as a series of undulations in a
sinuous groove inscribed on its rotating surface by the
stylus. When the record is played back, another stylus
responds to the undulations, and its motions are then
reconverted into sound.

Phonograph

Tape Recorders
An
audiotape
recorder,tape
deckortape
machineis
an
audio storagedevice that records and
plays back sounds, including articulated
voices, usually usingmagnetic tape, either
wound on a reel or in acassette, for
storage. In its present day form, it records
a fluctuatingsignalby moving the tape
across atape headthat polarizes the
magnetic domainsin
the
tape
in
proportion to the audio signal. Taperecording devices includereel-to-reeltape
deck and the cassette deck.

Tape Recorders

Audiotapes/CDs

When to USE:

TIPS

Check the room and


equipment beforehand.

Can it be heard from the


back of the room?

Find the right spot on the


tape/CD and queue it up
in advance.

Dont play more than a


few minutes of audio at
one time.

Break up longer clips


into segments,
interspersed with
discussion or other

Particularly suited for


language learning, media
studies, English
literature, etc.
Valuable when referring
to recorded historical
events (e.g. Martin Luther
Kings I have a dream
speech).
Background music can
also be played before
class starts and during
group activities.

Audiotapes/CDs

RADIO
CHARACTERISTICS OF AUDIO
EXPERIENCE
Immediacy : can describe the events as they
happen
Emotional impact :through the combined effect of
music , voice , and environmental sound students
interest can captured
One way communication :no possibility of students
feed back

Advantages of RECORDING
Recording can be stopped at will
Recording can play when we required
It can be used for introducing as well as
summarizing the topic
To evaluate the speech defect in ones
own speech
To teach good pronunciation in foreign
language

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