Heat

The energy transfer from one

object to another because of a
temperature difference between
them
Matter doesnt contain heat..
Contains energy..Heat is energy
in transit

Heat

Thermal Contact..
..When heat flows from one
object to another that it contacts
Energy that flows from areas that are
higher in temp to areas that are lower
in temp
There is NO such thing as cold

Measurement of Heat
To quantify heat, we must specify
the mass and the kind of substance
affected
calorie.The amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of
1 gram of water by 1oC
Calorie.1000 calories food

Specific Heat (c)

The amount of heat required
to raise the temp of 1mass unit
of a substance by 1 temp. unit.
Thermal inertia signifies
the resistance of a substance
to change in temp.

Computing thermal expansion

Q = mCT
Q = heat gained or lost (J)
m = mass (kg)
T = change in temp (K)
C = specific heat (J/kg K)

Calorimeter
Device used to measure
changes in thermal energy
it is a closed system to
measure energy transfer

Heat of Fusion Hf
Amount of energy needed to
melt one kg of a substance

ice= 3.34 x 105 J/kg

ice= 80 cal

Melting Point
Temp at which a substance
changes from a solid to a liquid
same temp. as freezing point

Heat of Vaporization Hv
Amount of energy needed to
vaporize a kg of liquid
water = 2.26 x 106 J/kg
water= 540 cal

Boiling Point
Temp at which a substance
changes from a liquid to a gas
Same as temp for condensation to
occur

 Q=mHf
or Q=mHv
Q.heat required to melt a
solid or vaporize a liquid
m.mass

Thermal Energy
The total energy of particles in a
material.
KE and PE

Thermal Energy Transfer

Occurs in 3 ways
CONDUCTION
CONVECTION
RADIATION

Conduction
Transfer of energy from molecule to
molecule
Most common in solids
KE is transferred when particles collide
MUST have direct contact

Conductors
Materials that conduct heat well
Metals.Silver

Insulators
A material that is a poor conductor
Delays the transfer of heat
Examples wood, wool, straw,
paper
Poor conductor is a good insulator

Convection
Movement of all fluids (gas or liquid)
Caused by substances having diff.
Densities at diff. temps.
Movement occurs in currents

Example.water, air

Radiation
Thermal energy transferred
through space in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
Examples .Solar energy,

Example
J 1 cal
980
kg 4.186 J

cal
234
kg

What does this mean?

Convert to grams because we know what
one cal does to one gram.
cal 1 kg
cal
234
0.234

kg 1000 g
g

T 0.234 C
o

Specific Heat
Heat Capacity = amount of heat required to
raise T by 1oC
Not very useful because it is not a property of the
material

Specific Heat = Heat Capacity per unit mass

Intrinsic property of the material

Q
c
mT

Q mcT

Calorimetry
Conservation of Energy
Assume that no energy is lost to the
surroundings
Heat Gained = Heat Lost

Calorimetry
Assume that we drop a lump of gold (m =
20 g) at 100oC into 50 g of water at 20oC.
What is the final equilibrium temperature?
Heat lost = mgcg(Tg Te)
Heat gained = mwcw(Te Tw)
note that both are positive
equate and solve for Te

Calorimetry
Te

mg c g Tg mw cwTw
mg c g mw cw

Do we need to use Kelvin temperatures?

20 g 129 J/kg K 100o C 50 g 4186 J/kg K 20 o C

Te
20 g 129 J/kg K 50 g 4186 J/kg K
Te 21 C
o

Calorimetry
Lets check to see if this is correct.
Heat lost mg cg Tg

0.02 kg 129 J/kg K 79 C 204 J

Heat gained mwcw Tw
o

0.05 kg 4186 J/kg K 1 C 209 J

o

It checks! The small difference is due to

roundoff.

Latent Heat
It requires heat to change the phase of a
substance.
Latent Heat is an intrinsic property
per unit mass

Heat of fusion of water = 80 cal/g

Heat of vaporization of water = 540 cal/g
Q = mL

Latent Heat
How much heat released in converting 1 g
of steam at 120oC to ice at 30oC?

Cool steam, condense, cool water

Q mcs T

1 g 0.5 cal/g K 20 C 10 cal

o

Q mLv
1 g 540 cal/g 540 cal
Q mcw T

1 g 1 cal/g K 100 C 100 cal

o

Freeze and cool ice

Q mL f
1 g 80 cal/g 80 cal

Q mci T

1 g 0.5 cal/g K 30 C 15 cal

o

Qtotal

4.186 J
3120 J
745 cal

1 cal

Example
A glass contains 120 g of ice at 0oC. What
is the equilibrium temperature if you add
400 g of water at 20oC?
Heat gained = heat lost

mi L f mi cw Te 0 mwcw Tw Te

Example
Te

mwcwTw mi L f

mi mw cw

2.67 o C

What ?!?
Check for mistakes.
There are no mistakes.

We made the assumption that all of the ice melted.

Actually only 100 g melted!