Name : Paras Kulhari

Roll No. : 11125

Class : XI Science
Subject : Mathematics
Topic : 3-D Coordinate Geometry

Submitted To : RPS Rathore

Coordinate oGemetry
A system of geometry where the position ofpointson

theplaneis described using an ordered pair of numbers.

The method of describing the location

of points in this way was proposed by the

French mathematician Ren Descartes .
He proposed further that curves and lines
could be described by equations using this
technique, thus being the first to link
algebra and geometry.
Ren Dscartes (1596 -1650)
In honor of his work, the coordinates of a point are often
referred to as its Cartesian coordinates, and the
coordinate plane as the Cartesian Coordinate Plane.

TWO-DIMENSIONAL (2-D)
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
To locate a point in a plane, two
numbers are necessary.
We know that any point in the plane can
be represented as an ordered pair (a, b)
of real numberswhere a is the xcoordinate and b is the y-coordinate.
For this reason, a plane is called twodimensional.

TWO-DIMENSIONAL (2-D)
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
+ve direction

Y-axis : YOY

3
2
1

X-axis : XOX
X
-4

-3

-2

-1

O
-1

Origin

-2

-ve direction

-3

X
2

-ve direction

+ve direction

Distance Formula

y2

y2-y1

x1
X O

(x2-x1)
x2

y1

PQN is a right angled .

PQ2 = PN2 + QN2

PQ2 = (x2-x1)2+(y2-y1)2

PQ

x2 x1

y2 y1

Area of a Triangle
A(x1, y1)

B(x2, y2)

X O

C(x3, y3)

Area of ABC =
Area of trapezium ABML + Area of trapezium ALNC
- Area of trapezium BMNC

Area of a Triangle

X O
Y

A(x1, y1)
B(x2, y2)

C(x3, y3)
L

Area of trapezium ABML + Area of trapezium ALNC

- Area of trapezium BMNC
1
1
1
BM AL ML AL CN LN BM CN MN
2
2
2
1
1
1
y2 y1 x1 x2 y1 y3 x3 x1 y2 y3 x3 x2
2
2
2
x1 y1 1 Sign of Area : Points anticlockwise +ve
1
x2 y2 1
Points clockwise -ve
2
x3 y3 1

Area of Polygons
Area of polygon with points Ai (xi, yi)
where i = 1 to n

1 x1

2 x2

y1
y2

x2

y2

x3

y3

...

xn 1
xn

yn 1
yn

Can be used to calculate

area of Quadrilateral,
Pentagon, Hexagon etc.

xn
x1

yn

y1

THREE
DIMENSIONAL (3-D)
COORDINATE
GEOMETRY
We

represent any point in

space by an ordered triple (a,
b, c) of real numbers.
In

order to represent points

in space,
we first choose:
1. A

fixed point O (the

origin)

2. Three

directed lines
through O that are
perpendicular to each
other

The three lines are called the

coordinate axes.

They are labeled:

1. X axis
2. Y- axis
3. Z- axis

Usually, we think of:

1. The x- and y-axes as being horizontal.

2. The z-axis as being vertical.

Direction of Zaxis is
determined by
Right Hand Rule
as follows:
Curl the fingers of

your right hand

around the z-axis in
the direction of a 90
counterclockwise
rotation from the
positive
x-axis to the positive
y-axis.
Then, your thumb
points in the positive
direction of the zaxis.

Coordinate Planes

The three coordinate axes

determine the three

coordinate planes.

xy-plane contains

the x- and y-axes.

The yz-plane
contains
the y- and z-axes.
The xz-plane
contains
the x- and z-axes.

Many people have some difficulty

visualizing diagrams of 3-D figures.
Thus, you may find it helpful
to do
the following.
Look at any bottom corner of a
room and call the corner the
origin.
The wall on your left is in the
xz-plane.
The wall on your right is in the
yz-plane.
The floor is in the xy-plane.

Octants

These three coordinate planes

divide space into eight parts,
called octants.

Distance Formula
The distance |P1P2| between the points P1(x1,y1, z1)
and P2(x2, y2, z2) is:

P1 P2 ( x2 x1 ) ( y2 y1 ) ( z2 z1 )
2

PR
OO
F:
P 1

and P2 are
opposite vertices.
The faces of the box
are parallel to the
coordinate planes.
If A(x2, y1, z1) and B(x2,
y2, z1) are the vertices
of the box, then
|P1A| = |x2 x1|
|AB| = |y2 y1|
|BP2| = |z2 z1|

Triangles

P1BP2 and P1AB

are right-angled.
So, two applications of
the Pythagorean Theorem
give:

|P1P2|2 =

|P1B|2 + |BP2|2
|P1B|2 =

|P1A|2 + |AB|2

Combining

those equations,

we get:
|P1P2|2 = |P1A|2 + |AB|2 + |BP2|2
= |x2 x1|2 + |y2 y1|2 + |z2
z1|2
2
2
P1 P2 ( x=2 (xx12)2 x(1)y22 +
y(y
)

(
z

z
)
1 2 y1
2 )2 +
1
(z2 z1)2
Therefore,

SE
CTI
ON
FO
RM
UL
A
Let

the two given points be

P(x1, y1,z1) and Q(x2,y2, z2).
Let R be the point which
divides PQ in the given ratio
m:n internally.
Draw PL,QM and RN
perpendicular to the plane.
Through the point R draw a
line ST parallel to the line
LM.
Line ST will intersect the
line LP externally at point S
and line MQ at T, as shown
in figure.

The triangle PSR and QTR are

similar. Therefore,

This implies

Similarly,

Case 1:
Coordinates of mid-point.
Case 2:
If R divides PQ externally in the ratio m:n,

Centroid
Intersection of medians of a triangle is called
the centroid.
A(x1, y1)
F

B(x2, y2)

G
D

C(x3, y3)

Centroid is always
denoted by G.

x2 x3 y2 y3
D
,
2
2

x1 x3 y1 y3
,
2
2

x1 x2 y1 y2
,
2
2

Centroid
A(x1, y1)
F

B(x2, y2)

x1 x3 y1 y3
,
2
2

x2 x3 y2 y3
,
2
2

C(x3, y3)
x1 x2 y1 y2
,
2
2

Consider points L, M, N dividing AD, BE

and CF respectively in the ratio 2:1

x2 x3
y y3
y1 2 2

2
2
,

12
12

x1 2

Centroid
A(x1, y1)
F

B(x2, y2)

x1 x3 y1 y3
,
2
2

x2 x3 y2 y3
,
2
2

C(x3, y3)
x1 x2 y1 y2
,
2
2

Consider points L, M, N dividing AD, BE

and CF respectively in the ratio 2:1

x1 x3
y y3
y2 2 1

2
2
,

12
12

x2 2

Centroid
A(x1, y1)
F
B(x2, y2)

G
D

x1 x3 y1 y3
,
2
2

x2 x3 y2 y3
,
2
2

C(x3, y3)
x1 x2 y1 y2
,
2
2

x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
L
,

3
3

x x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
M 1
,

3
3

x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
N
,

3
3

We see that L M N G

Medians are
concurrent at the
centroid, centroid
divides medians in
ratio 2:1

Centroid
A(x1, y1)
F
B(x2, y2)

G
D

x1 x3 y1 y3
,
2
2

x2 x3 y2 y3
,
2
2

C(x3, y3)
x1 x2 y1 y2
,
2
2

x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
L
,

3
3

x x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
M 1
,

3
3

x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
N
,

3
3

We see that L M N G

Centroid

x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
G
,

3
3

Incentre
Intersection of angle bisectors of a
triangle is called the incentre.
A(x1, y1)

B(x2, y2)

I
D

C(x3, y3)

Let BC = a, AC = b, AB = c

Incentre is the
centre of the
incircle

AD, BE and CF are the angle

bisectors of A, B and C
respectively.
BD AB b D bx2 cx3 , by2 cy3

bc
bc
DC AC c

Incentre
A(x1, y1)
F
B(x2, y2)

I
D

BD AB b

DC AC c

C(x3, y3)
bx2 cx3 by2 cy3
,
b

c
bc

AI AB AC AB AC c b

ID BD DC BD DC
a
bx2 cx3
by2 cy3

ay1 b c
ax1 b c b c

c
I
,

a b c
a b c

Similarly I can be derived using E and

ax1 bx2 cx3
F also
I

abc

Now,

Incentre
A(x1, y1)
F
B(x2, y2)

I
D

BD AB b

DC AC c

C(x3, y3)
bx2 cx3 by2 cy3
,
b

c
bc

AI AB AC AB AC c b

ID BD DC BD DC
a
bx2 cx3
by2 cy3

ay1 b c
ax1 b c b c

c
I
,

a b c
a b c

Angle bisectors are concurrent at the

ax1 bx2 cx3
incentre
I

abc

Now,

Excentre
Intersection of external angle bisectors of a
triangle is called the excentre
E
A(x1, y1)
F

B(x2, y2)

C(x3, y3)

EA = Excentre opposite A

EA

ax1 bx2 cx3 ay1 by2 cy3

c
a b c

Excentre is the
centre of the
excircle

Excentre
Intersection of external angle bisectors of a
triangle is called the excentre
E
A(x1, y1)
F

B(x2, y2)

C(x3, y3)

EB = Excentre opposite B

ax1 bx2 cx3 ay1 by2 cy3

EB
,

c
ab c

Excentre is the
centre of the
excircle

Excentre
Intersection of external angle bisectors of a
triangle is called the excentre
E
A(x1, y1)
F

B(x2, y2)

C(x3, y3)

EC = Excentre opposite C

ax1 bx2 cx3 ay1 by2 cy3

EC
,

c
abc

Excentre is the
centre of the
excircle

Cirumcentre
Intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the
sides of a triangle is called the circumcentre.

A
C
O

OA = OB = OC
= circumradius

The above relation gives two

simultaneous linear equations. Their
solution gives the coordinates of O.

Orthocentre
Intersection of altitudes of a
triangle is called the orthocentre.
A

Orthocentre is
always
denoted by H

H
B

Cirumcentre, Centroid and Orthocentre

The circumcentre O,
Centroid G and
Orthocentre H of a
triangle: are
collinear.
2
H
1

G
G divides OH in the ratio
1:2