Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
(IPv4 ADDRESSES)
IP Addressing
Universal
Service
Concept
Any computer can communicate with any other computer in
the world.
Multiple independently owned and operated networks can be
interconnected to provide universal service.
Internetworking
Network Identifiers
Internet Names
Internet Architecture
Virtual Network
Internet Protocol
IPv4 ADDRESSES
IP Addresses
Parts of an IP Address
10
11
Example 19.1
Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary
notation to dotted-decimal notation.
Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent
decimal number (see Appendix B) and add dots for
separation.
12
Example 19.2
Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal
notation to binary notation.
Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary
equivalent (see Appendix B).
13
Example 19.3
Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses.
Solution
a. There must be no leading zero (045).
b. There can be no more than four numbers.
c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal
notation is not allowed.
14
IP Address Classes
Class A
Class B
Class C
There are also:
Class D
Class E
15
16
networks (out of every group of network and host numbers, two have a
special meaning). The remaining 24 bits are used for the host number, so
each networks can have up to 224 - minus 2 (16,777,214) hosts.
Class B addresses use 14 bits for the network number, and 16 bits for the
host number giving 16,382 Class B networks each with a maximum of
65534 hosts.
Class C only 254 hosts (all 0 and 1 combinations are not allowed). 21 bits
for the network number and 8 for the host number giving 2,097,150
networks each with up to 254 hosts.
17
18
Special Addresses
IP Address Notation
{<network>, <host>}
{<network>, <subnet>, <host>}
-1 value means a component consisting of all 1s
{0,0} = This host on this network
{0,<host>} = Specific host on this network
{-1, -1} = Local broadcast
Broadcast to all hosts on this network
{<network>, -1} = Directed broadcast
Broadcast to all hosts on <network>
19
20
Example 19.4
Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111
Solution
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C
address.
c. The first byte is 14; the class is A.
d. The first byte is 252; the class is E.
21
22
Example 19.5
Figure 19.3 shows a block of addresses, in both binary
and dotted-decimal notation, granted to a small business
that needs 16 addresses.
We can see that the restrictions are applied to this block.
The addresses are contiguous. The number of addresses
is a power of 2 (16 = 24), and the first address is divisible
by 16. The first address, when converted to a decimal
number, is 3,440,387,360, which when divided by 16
results in 215,024,210.
23
24
IPv4 - Problems
IPv4 - Problems
28
Private Internets
Private Internets
Subnetting
Subnetting Why?
31
33
Subnetting
34
Subnetting
Advantages
Extended-Network-Prefix
36
Extended-Network-Prefix and
Subnet
Mask
if you have the /16 address of 130.5.0.0 and you want to use the
entire third octet to represent the subnet-number, you need to
specify a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0.
The bits in the subnet mask and the Internet address have a oneto-one correspondence.
The bits of the subnet mask are set to 1 if the system examining the
address should treat the corresponding bit in the IP address as part of the
extended-network-prefix.
The bits in the mask are set to 0 if the system should treat the bit as part of
the host-number.
37
1.
2.
3.
4.
38
Extended-Network-Prefix and
Subnet Mask
39
Subnet Example #1
40
Subnet Example #1
41
42
43
IP Configuration Parameters
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Default Gateway
IP Configuration Parameters
DNS Server
On the Internet, the domain name system (DNS) stores and associates
many types of information with domain names; most importantly, it
translates domain names (computer hostnames) to IP addresses.
45
46
N E T W O R K 2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .0
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .1 1
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .1 8
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .1 0
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .2 2
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .1 2
S u bn e tw o rk
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .8
E0
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .9
R o u te r
S u bn e tw o rk
E1
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .1 6
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .1 7
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .2 0
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .1 3
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .1 4
R o u t in g T a
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .8
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .1
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .2
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .3
b le
6
4
2
E0
E1
E2
E3
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .1 9
2 0 1 .2 2 2 .5 .2 1
47