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CHAPTER
MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Pure Bending
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pure Bending
Pure Bending
Other Loading Types
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Bending Deformations
Strain Due to Bending
Beam Section Properties
Properties of American Standard Shapes
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
Sample Problem 4.2
Bending of Members Made of Several Material
s
Example 4.03
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Sample Problem 4.4
Stress Concentrations
Plastic Deformations
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Example 4.03
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Sample Problem 4.4
Stress Concentrations
Plastic Deformations
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single Pl
ane of S...
Residual Stresses
Example 4.05, 4.06
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Example 4.07
Sample Problem 4.8
Unsymmetric Bending
Example 4.08
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pure Bending
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
L L y y
x
y
y
or
y
x m
c
c
m
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
0 m y dA
c
M y x dA y m dA
c
I
M m y 2 dA m
c
c
m
Mc M
I
S
y
Substituting x m
c
x
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
My
I
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
I
S
I section moment of inertia
I
S section modulus
c
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Properties of American Standard Shapes
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
c
Ec Ec I
M
EI
z x
anticlastic curvature
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
yA
A
I x I A d 2
Mc
I
EI
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
y , mm
50
20
yA, mm3
90 103
24 103
3
yA 114 10
yA 114 10
Y
38 mm
3000
A
1 bh3 A d 2
I x I A d 2 12
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
I
868 109 mm 4
M cB
3 kN m 0.038 m
B
I
868 109 mm 4
A 76.0 MPa
B 131.3 MPa
EI
3 kN m
1
20.95 103 m -1
47.7 m
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
E1 y
2 E2 x
E2 y
My
I
1 x
dF2
nE1 y dA E1 y n dA
E
n 2
E1
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
Evaluate the cross sectional properties
of the transformed section
Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in
is applied.
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n
1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT 0.4 in 1.933 0.75 in 0.4 in 2.25 in
5.063 in 4
Mc 40 kip in 1.5 in
11.85 ksi
4
I
5.063 in
b max m
s max n m 1.933 11.85 ksi
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
bx x n As d x 0
2
1 b x2
2
n As x n As d 0
My
I
c x
s n x
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
8.06
Ec 3.6 106 psi
2
nAs 8.06 2 4 85 in 4.95 in 2
12 x
x 1.450 in
I
44.4 in 4
s n
Mc2
40 kip in 2.55 in
8.06
I
44.4 in 4
c 1.306 ksi
s 18.52 ksi
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress Concentrations
m K
Mc
I
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Plastic Deformations
For any member subjected to pure bending
y
x m
c
My
I
M y x dA
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Plastic Deformations
When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.
The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found
from an experimentally determined value of MU
and a fictitious linear stress distribution.
RB
MU c
I
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
x Y
m Y
I
M Y Y maximum elastic moment
c
3M
2 Y
yY2
1
1 3 2
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
M p 12 A Y d
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Residual Stresses
Plastic zones develop in a member made of an
elastoplastic material if the bending moment is
large enough.
Since the linear relation between normal stress
and strain applies at all points during the
unloading phase, it may be handled by assuming
the member to be fully elastic.
Residual stresses are obtained by applying the
principle of superposition to combine the stresses
due to loading with a moment M (elastoplastic
deformation) and unloading with a moment -M
(elastic deformation).
The final value of stress at a point will not, in
general, be zero.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
3M
2 Y
yY2
1
1 3 2
36.8 kN m
yY
yY
0.666
c
60 mm
I 2 2 2
3
3 2
bc 3 50 10 m 60 10 m
c 3
120 10 6 m3
I
M Y Y 120 10 6 m3 240 MPa
c
28.8 kN m
yY2
1
1 3 2
c
2 yY 80 mm
Radius of curvature:
3 28.8 kN m
2
Y 240 106 Pa
Y
E
200 109 Pa
1.2 103
y
Y Y
yY 40 103 m
Y
1.2 103
33.3 m
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
M = 36.8 kN-m
yY 40 mm
Y 240 MPa
M = -36.8 kN-m
Mc 36.8 kN m
I
120 106 m3
306.7 MPa 2 Y
M=0
At the edge of the elastic core,
x 35.5 106 Pa
x
E
200 109 Pa
177.5 10 6
yY
40 103 m
x 177.5 10 6
225 m
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Eccentric loading
FP
M Pd
P My
A I
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.07
SOLUTION:
Find the equivalent centric load and
bending moment
Superpose the uniform stress due to
the centric load and the linear stress
due to the bending moment.
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.07
Normal stress due to a
centric load
A c 2 0.25 in 2
0.1963 in 2
P
160 lb
0
A 0.1963 in 2
815 psi
I
.068 103 in 4
8475 psi
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.07
t 9260 psi
c 7660 psi
P My0
A
I
P I
3.068 103 in 4
y0
815 psi
AM
105 lb in
y0 0.0240 in
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
A
I
3 103
868 109
0.028 P 0.022 1559 P
P Mc A
P
B
A
I
3 103
868 109
A
P 79.6 kN
P 77.0 kN
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Unsymmetric Bending
Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
Members remain symmetric and bend in
the plane of symmetry.
The neutral axis of the cross section
coincides with the axis of the couple
Will now consider situations in which the
bending couples do not act in a plane of
symmetry.
Cannot assume that the member will bend
in the plane of the couples.
In general, the neutral axis of the section
will not coincide with the axis of the couple.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Unsymmetric Bending
0 Fx x dA m dA
y
c
or 0 y dA
M M z y m dA
I
or M m
c
y
c
I I z moment of inertia
y
c
or 0 yz dA I yz product of inertia
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
M z M cos
M y M sin
Mzy Myy
Iz
Iy
M cos y M sin y
Mzy Myy
Iz
Iy
Iz
Iy
y Iz
tan
z Iy
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.08
SOLUTION:
Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
M z M cos
M y M sin
Mzy Myy
Iz
Iy
tan
stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the
z Iy
neutral axis forms with the horizontal
plane.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.08
Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
M z 1600 lb in cos 30 1386 lb in
M y 1600 lb in sin 30 800 lb in
1 1.5 in 3.5 in 3 5.359 in 4
I z 12
1 3.5 in 1.5 in 3 0.9844 in 4
I y 12
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AB
M z y 1386 lb in 1.75 in
452.6 psi
4
Iz
5.359 in
M yz
Iy
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.08
Determine the angle of the neutral axis.
Iz
5.359 in 4
tan
tan
tan 30
4
Iy
0.9844 in
3.143
72.4o
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
A
Iz
Iy