Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

Civil Engineering Department

Petra Christian University
1

Can he pass through the

river without getting wet
on his foot ?

DEFLECTION is a SERVICEABILITY CONCERN

Before 60s
* Concrete with fc approximately 10.5 - 21 MPa, and reinforcement with
fy 230 - 280 MPa were predominant. The use of these materials with
conservative allowable stress, along with the straightline working stress
method, resulted in large stiff sections having small deflection.
* Ordinary reinforced concrete design involved little concern for deflections.
Today
* The common use of 400 MPa yield strength steel and of concrete with
fc 20 - 63 MPa permits smaller sections than those resulting from the
use of lower strength.
* The permissible deflection is governed by the serviceability requirement.
3

* Both the short-time (instantaneous or immediate) and the long-time

effects must be considered in deflection consideration.
total = (i) + (cs)

Where :
total = total deflection
(i) = immediate (short-time) deflection
(cs) = deflection due to creep and shrinkage
( = long-time deflection)

* The acceptable deflection depends on :

- the type of building (warehouse, school, factory, residence, etc.)
- the presence of plastered ceilings
- the type and arrangement of partitions
- the sensitivity of equipment to deflection
- the magnitude and duration of live load.
* The general concepts dealt with in this topics are applicable to both
one-way (beams and slabs) and two-way systems.
4

For One-Way Structures :

A. MINIMUM DEPTH (hmin)
B. CONTROLED BY ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION
For Two-Way Structures :
A. MINIMUM DEPTH (hmin)

1. ONE-WAY STRUCTURES
The minimum depth (hmin) of one-way structures is defined as :
SNI Table 3.2.5(a)
fy

400

240 400

240

400

240

400

240

Slab

L/20

L/27 L/24

L/32

L/28

L/37 L10

L/13

L/21 L/18.5 L/24.5 L/21

L/28 L/8

L/11

Beam L16

Go to example

For those structures whose depth greater than the above requirement,
its deflection were not to be check.
6

- Contd.
2. TWO-WAY STRUCTURES
The minimum depth (hmin) of slab without interior beam :
SNI 3.2.5 (c)
Yield
stress
fy
(MPa)

Without Drop Panel

Exterior
Interior
Panel
Panel
Exterior Beam
Yes
No

With Drop Panel

Exterior
Interior
Panel
Panel
Exterior Beam
Yes
No

300

L/33

L/36

L/36

L/36

L/36

L/40

400

L/30

L/33

L/33

L/33

L/36

L/36

2. TWO-WAY STRUCTURES - Contd.

The minimum depth (hmin) of slab with interior beam :
fy
Ln ( 0.8 +
)
1500

hmin =

. SNI 3.2.3.(3)
1
36 + 5 [ m - 0.12 ( 1 +
)]

And need not to be greater than :

But may not be smaller than :
fy
fy
Ln ( 0.8 +
)
Ln ( 0.8 +
)
1500
1500
h =
h=
36 + 9
36
In all cases, the minimum depth of slab may not less than :
* 120 mm
for m < 2.0
* 90 mm
for m 2.0

Ecb
Ecs

bw
L

h
hf

Where :
= relative stiffness ratio of beam and slab
m = average of
f = constant from Graphic 2.6 or 2.7

2.5
2.4

2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9

b/h = 0.4

2.3

hf

L = span length

b
Ecb
=
Ecs

b
L

0.6

h 3
hf

0.8
b/h = 1.0

1.8

1.2

1.7
1.6

1.4
1.6

1.5

2.0
2.4

1.4

3.0

1.3
5.0

1.2

10.0
20.0

1.1
1.0

1.5

3 4
h / hf

Graphic 2.6

9 10

Go to example
9

2.8

hf

2.7

2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3

b/h = 0.4
0.5

0.6

L = span length
Ecb b h 3
=
Ecs L hf

0.8
b/h = 1.0

2.2

2.1

1.2

2.0

1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0

1.9
1.8

2.5
3

1.7
1.6

b/h = 4

1.5
1.4

1.3

1.2

10

1.1

20

1.0

1.5

3 4
h / hf

Graphic 2.7

9 10

10

2
M
L
5
(i) = K
48 EcIe

COEFFICIENT K
2.0
1.0
0.6

Where :
i = instantaneous/ immediately deflections
L = span length
K = coefficient based on load and support condition
Ie = effective moment of inertia
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
= 4700 fc MPa
Mo

Mm

Mo
1.2 - 0.2
Mm
0.8 midspan
0.74 max
11

DEFLECTION FOR ELASTIC SECTIONS

w
Ma

Mb

L
Ms

Ma

max = a

2
Mo = w L
8

Constant I

L/2

Mb
L/2

M L2
E Ic

Where :
max = maximum deflection in an elastic
member
M = bending moment
L
= span length
E = modulus of elasticity
Ic
= moment of inertia of section
a = a coefficient that depends on the
degree of fixity at supports, the
variation in moment of inertia along
the span, and the distribution of
loading.

12

Component conjugate beams

M0
EI

The total midspan deflections, m is :

Due to uniform load : s =

Due to left/right end moment :

L/2
L
Ma
EI

5 M0 L2
48 EI

a = b =

- M(a or b) L2
16 EI

m = s + a + b

Mb
EI

5 L2
then : m =
48 EI

L2
= 48 EI [ 5M0 - 3 (Ma + Mb)]
and, Ms = M0 - (Ma + Mb),

Ms -

1
(Ma + Mb)
10
13

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
fc

E = tg

* For homogeneous material :

E in tension E in compression

* In a reinforced concrete :
- Creep affects the E in compression zone
- Crack affects the E in tension zone

* In both tension and compression zone, E varies not only with the
magnitude of stress from top to bottom at a section but also along
the span.
* Further, creep and shrinkage over a period of time effectively reduce E
and will generally magnify deflections by a factor of two or three.
14

MOMENT OF INERTIA
A

B
C

Section A-A

Section B-B

Section C-C

Effective moment of inertia for continuous T-shaped sections

15

EcI

EcI based on gross section plus

transformed area of reinforcement
EcI based on cracked
transformed section
0.2 Mu

Mu

Typical variation of flexural rigidity with applied bending moment

Load

Service load
Computed deflection based on transformed cracked section
Computed deflection using gross I
Actual deflection
Cracking load
Deflection

Typical variation of flexural rigidity with applied bending moment

16

EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA

In order to provide a smooth transition between the moment of inertia I cr
of the transformed cracked section and the moment of inertia I g of the gross
uncracked concrete section.
Ie =

Mcr
Mmax

Ig + 1 -

Mcr
Mmax

I cr Ig

(Graphic Deflection 4.1

or Graphic 9.5 CUR Part IV)

Where :
Mcr = frIg/yt = cracking moment (Table Deflection 2.1 : notation C2 or Graphic 9.3.a CUR Part IV)

Mmax = maximum service load moment acting at the condition under which deflection
is computed
Ig
= moment of inertia of gross uncracked concrete section about centroidal axis,
neglecting reinforcement
Icr
= moment of inertia of transformed cracked section (Graphic Deflection 3.1 or
fr
yt

3.2 or Graphic 9.4.a-d - CUR Part IV)

= modulus of rupture of concrete, taken as 0.7 fc MPa

= distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber of concrete in tension

17

AVERAGE EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA for PRACTICAL USE

For spans with both ends continuous,
1

Ie avg

(Ie1 + Ie2) + Im
=
2

For span with one ends continuous,

m

Ie avg = 0.85 Im + 0.15 Ie1

18

 (cs)

5 M L2
= K
48 EcIe

=
1 + 50

Where :
cs = deflections due to creep & shrinkage
(= long-time deflection)
L = span length
K = coefficient based on load and support condition
Ie = effective moment of inertia
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
= 4700 fc Mpa
= 2.0 (for 5 years or more)
= 1.4 (for 12 months)
= 1.2 (for 6 months)
= 1.0 (for 3 months)
= compression reinforcement ratio = As/bd

19

 total = (i) + (cs)

total < allowable

Where :
total
= total deflections
(i)
= immediately deflections
= short-time deflections
(cs)
= deflection due to creep & shrinkage
= long-time deflections
allowable = allowable deflection SNI Table 3.2.5(b)

SNI Table 3.2.5(b) Maximum Deflection

Type of structures

Load Consideration Maximum Deflection

Structures do not support and are not attached to

Due to life load

nonstructural element likely to be damaged by

large deflection

(i)max = L/180 (roof)

(i)max = L/360 (floor)
Go to example

Structures support and attached to

nonstructural element likely to be
damage due to large deflection

Due to creep,
shrinkage and other
additional live load

Structures support and attached to

nonstructural element likely not to be
damage due to large deflection

Due to creep,
shrinkage and other
additional live load

allowable = L/480

= L/240

Goallowable
to example

20

6.00

Beam x-direction : 400/700

Beam y-direction : 300/500
Slab depth = 140 mm

6.00

Does the slab depth meet the

deflection requirement ?

6.00

DEFLECTION OF TWO-WAY STRUCTURES

8.00

8.00

1.50

x
y

21

* Calculation of m
- X - direction :
Ecb Ecs
bw = 400
lnx = 6000
h = 700
hf = 140

Graphic 2.6 :
h/hf = 700 / 140
bw/hf = 400 / 140
b
E
x = cb. .w
Ecs Lnx

= 5
f = 1.45
= 2.86
h 3
. f = (1) (0.067) (5) 3 (1.45) = 12.14
hf

Graphic 2.6 :
- Y - direction :
h/hf = 500 / 140 = 3.57
Ecb Ecs
f = 1.45
bw/hf = 300 / 140 = 2.14
bw = 300
b
E
h 3
lny = 8000
y = cb. .w
. f = (1) (0.04) (3.57) 3 (1.45) = 2.64
Ecs Lnx hf
h = 500
hf = 140
2 (12.14) + 2 (2.64)
m =
= 7.39
4
ly
8
=
=
= 1.333
lx
6

22

The minimum depth (hmin) of slab with interior beam :

hmin =
=
=

Ln [ 0.8 + ( fy / 1500 ) ]
36 + 5 m - 0.12 [ 1 + ( 1/ ) ]
8000 [ 0.8 + (240 / 1500) ]
36 + 5 (1.333) { 7.39 - 0.12 (1 + 1/1.333) }
7680
83.85 = 92 mm

But may not to be smaller than :

h =
=
=

And need not to be greater than :

Ln [ 0.8 + ( fy / 1500 ) ]
36 + 9
8000 (0.8 + 240 / 1500 )
36 + 9 (1.333)
7680
= 160 mm
47.99

h =
=
=

Ln [ 0.8 + ( fy / 1500 ) ]
36
8000 (0.8 + 240 / 1500 )
36
7680
= 213 mm
36

The available slab depth = 140 mm ; so .

23

DEFLECTION OF ONE-WAY STRUCTURES

500
12.00
120

300

300
120

150

300

d/d = 0.15
/ = 0.5
d = 440 mm
fc = 25 MPa
fy = 400 MPa

Due to 50% live load :

M+ = 150 kNm ; M- = 120 kNm
Due to 100% dead load + 50% live load :
M+ = 270 kNm ; M- = 300 kNm

270

Due to total ultimate load :

Mu = 380 kNm
380

a. Calculate the bending reinforcement.

b. Check the deflection

24

A. Bending reinforcement design :

Mu
380
=
= 6543
2
2
bd
0.3 . (0.44)

380

from Table 5.3.c - CUR IV found : = 0.0235 = 3102 mm2

= 0.5 x 0.0235 = 0.0118 = 551 mm2
B. Deflection Control :
hmin = L/21 = 12000 / 21 = 571 mm > available depth of beam (h = 500 mm)
The deflection must me checked !!!
Ig =

1
1
b.h3 =
300 . 5003 = 3125.106 mm4
12
12

Mcr = C2 . b
= 145833 . 300
= 43.749 kNm
Icr = C4 . Igr
= 0.8 . 3125.106
= 2500.106 mm4

If using Graphic 9.3.a - CUR IV :

Mcr = C3 . b . 103
= 145.833 . 300 . 103 = 43.749 kNm
(Graphic Deflection 3.2 or Graphic 9.4.a-d - CUR IV)

= 0.0235
r = / = 0.5
d/d = 0.15

C4 = 0.8

25

* Short-time deflection :
Analytical method
3
3
M
M
to calculate Ie
cr
cr
Ie+ =
Ig + 1 Icr
Mmax
Mmax
43.749 3
43.749 3
=
. 0.003125 + 1 0.0025 = 2515.10 6 mm4
150
150
Ie- =
=

Mcr 3
Mcr 3
Ig + 1 Icr
Mmax
Mmax
43.749 3
43.749
. 0.003125 + 1 120
120

Ie(avg) = 0.5 Im+ + 0.5

5
48

Ie1- + Ie22

M . l2
(i) = K .
Ec . Ie
5 150.106 . 120002
= 0.84 .
48 23500 . 2523.106
= 32 mm

0.0025 = 2530.10 6 mm4

= 0.5 (2515.106) + 0.5 (2530.106) = 2523.106 mm4

Ec = 4700 25
= 23500

120

120
150

Mo
K = 1.2 - 0.2
= 1.2 - 0.2 270 = 0.84
Mm
150

= l/360 = 12000 / 360 = 33.33 mm > (i)

OK !!

26

* Long-time Deflection :
Ie found by Graphic Deflection 4.1 or Graphic 9.5 - CUR IV

Ie =
+

Mcr
43.749
=
= 0.162
Mmax
270
Icr
2500.106
Ig = 3125.106 = 0.8

C5 = 0.8

Ie+ = C5 . Igr = 0.8 . 3125.106 = 2500.106 mm4

I =
e

Mcr
43.749
=
= 0.145
Ma
300
Icr
2500.106
Ig = 3125.106 = 0.8

C5 = 0.8

Ie- = C5 . Igr = 0.8 . 3125.106 = 2500.106 mm4

2
2 (for 5 th) ; =
=
1 + 50
1 + 50 . 0.0118
300

= 1.26

300

270

K = 1.2 - 0.2
= 0.78

570
270

27

(cs)

= . s
= .K.

5
48

= 1.26 . 0.78 .

M . l2
E c . Ie
5 270.106 . 120002
48 25000 . 2500.106

= 64 mm
total = (i) + (cs)
= 32 + 64 = 96 mm
= L/240 = 12000 / 240
= 50 mm

total > max

depth of beam (h) must be added !!

28

Table 9.3 - CUR IV

Table for determination of Mcr = C3 . 103 . b Nmm
h
mm
100
120
140
150
160
170
200
220
250
300
350
400
450
500

fc in MPa
15
4,52
6,51
8,86
10,17
11,57
14,64
18,07
26,03
28,24
40,67
55,35
72,30
91,50
112,96

20
5,22
7,51
10,23
11,74
13,36
16,91
20,87
30,05
32,61
46,96
63,91
83,48
105,65
130,44

25
5,83
8,40
11,43
13,12
14,93
18,90
23,33
33,60
35,46
52,50
71,46
93,33
118,12
145,83

30
6,39
9,20
12,52
14,38
16,36
20,70
30,93
36,01
39,94
57,51
78,28
102,24
129,40
159,75

35
6,90
9,94
13,53
15,53
17,67
22,36
33,41
39,76
43,14
62,12
84,55
110,43
139,77
172,55

Go to example
29

Graphic Deflection 3.2 or Graphic 9.4a-d - CUR IV

2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2

C4

2.6

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4

2.4

d/d = 0.15

2.2

0.2

2.0
1.8

0.0

1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6

d/d = 0.20
fc = 25
= 0.0235

0.4
0.2
0.0

Go to example

30

Graphic Deflection 4.1 or Graphic 9.5 - CUR IV

1.0
0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

C5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1
Ic/Ig = 0
0

Go to example

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Mcr/Ma

31