KULIAH V IND-311 PSK3:

ANALISIS KESELAMATAN KERJA

(SAFETY/HAZARD ANALYSIS & RISK
ASSESSMENT)

Kristiana Asih Damayanti

KBI Human Study
Jurusan Teknik Industri

OUTLINES
2

Overview of Hazard Analysis

Preliminary Hazard Analysis
Detailed Hazard Analysis
Risk Assessment

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Definitions (1)
3

Safety: The condition of being safe; free

from danger, risk, or injury.
Hazard: An activity or condition that is
dangerous, that poses the threat of loss
(property damage) or harm (personal
injury or death).
Risk: The potential for loss or harm over
time for a given hazard; the combination
of hazard severity and the exposure.
Severity: The degree
of the loss or harm
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associated with a hazard.

Definitions (2)
4

Exposure: The amount of exposure to a

hazard.
Risk Tolerance: The acceptable of level of
risk selected for all hazards.
Mitigation: An action taken or a feature
adopted to reduce the risk for a hazard. For
example, safety devices, guarding, warning
devices, procedures, and training.
Hazard Assessment: A process of
identifying and analyzing sources of danger.
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Overview of Hazard
Analysis

The key to preventing accidents is

identifiying and eliminating hazard.
A hazard: condition or combination
that,if uncorrected, may lead to an
accident, illness, or a property damage.
Analyze the workplace identify hazard
that exist there take the preventative
measure necsessary.

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Hazard analysis : a systemic process

for identifying hazards and
recommending corrective action.
Two approaches :
1.

2.

Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

likelihood & severity
Detailed Hazard Analysis analytical,
inductive, and deductive

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Hazard Analysis Methods

7

Preliminary Hazard Analysis

Likelihood of an
accident or injury
Severity of injury,
illness, or
property damage

Detailed Hazard Analysis

FMEA
FTA
HAZOP
HEA
TOR

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Preliminary Hazard Analysis

(PHA)

Not always feasible to wait until all the

data are compiles from detail analysis.
PHA can serve two purposes:
1. Expedite bringing the new system
2. A guide for a future detaied analysis

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Detailed Hazard Analysis

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In case where the potential exists for

serious injury, multiple injuries, or
casatrophic illness.
Methods:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)

Hazard and operability review (HAZOP)
Technic of operations review (TOR)
Human error analysis (HEA)
Fault tree analysis (FTA)
Job safety analysis (JSA)
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Failure Mode and Effects

Analysis (FMEA)

A method used to analysis complex

engineering system.
Process:
1.
2.
3.

4.

Critical eximine system

Divide the system into its various component
Examine each individual component and
record all the various ways in which teh
component may fail.
Examine all potential failure.

Weakness?
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Hazard and operability

review (HAZOP)

An analysis method that was developed for

used with new processes in chemical industry.
Weakness ?
Step-by-step:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Select the process or system to be analyzed

Form the team of expert
Explain the HAZOP process to the team
Establish goals and timeframes
Conduct brainstorming sessions
Summarize all input
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Human error analysis (HEA)

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Used to predict human error

HEA should be used to identify hazards
before they cause accidents
Two approach:
1.
2.

Observing employees at work

Actually performing job to get a feel of
hazards

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Fault tree analysis (FTA)

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Used to predict and prevent accidents or

as an investigative tool after the fact.
Step by step :
Decide on the accident or incident to be
placed at the top o tree. may be chosen
from:

1.

a known potentially hazardous condition

Preliminary Hazard Method,
Undesirable occurrence
Specification requirement
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2. Identify the broadcast level of failure or

fault event that could contribute to the
top event. Assign the appropriate
symbols.
3. Move downward until basic events are
identify

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FTA Symbol
21

And gate - represents a condition in which all the events shown

below the gate (input gate) must be present for the event
shown above the gate (output event) to occur.
Or gate - represents a situation in which any of the events
shown below the gate (input gate) will lead to the event shown
above the gate (output event). The event will occur if only one
or any combination of the input events exists.
Rectangle - The rectangle is the main building block for the
analytical tree. It represents the negative event and is located
at the top of the tree and can be located throughout the
tree to indicate other events capable of being broken
down further.
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Circle A circle represents a base event in the tree. These are found on
the bottom tiers of the tree and require no further development or
breakdown. There are no gates or events below the base event.
Diamond The diamond identifies an undeveloped terminal event. Such
an event is one not fully developed because of a lack of information or
significance. A fault tree branch can end with a diamond.
Oval An oval symbol represents a special situation that can only happen
if certain circumstances occur. This is spelled out in the oval symbol.
Triangle The triangle signifies a transfer of a fault tree branch to
another location within the tree. Where a triangle connects to the tree
with an arrow, everything shown below the connection point transfers
to another area of the tree. This area is identified by a corresponding
triangle that is connected to the tree with a vertical line. Letters,
numbers or figures identify one set of transfer symbols from another. To
maintain the simplicity of the analytical tree, the transfer symbol
should be used sparingly.
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Technic of operations
review (TOR)

Is an analysis method that allows supervisor and

employee to work together to analyze
workplace accident, failure and incidents.
Triggered by an accident or incident.
Step-by step:
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

Establish the TOR team

Conduct roundtable discussion to establish a
common knowledge among the team
Identify one major systematic factor
Group consensus
Evaluate
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Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

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1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

to uncover and correct hazards which or intrinsic to

or inherent in the workplace
it should be done with a team that includes the
worker, supervisor, safety engineer, and
management
The steps is:
Select the job
Break the job down into steps
Identify the hazards and determine the necessary
controls of the hazards
Apply the controls to the hazards
Evaluate the controls

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JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS

JOB TITLE: Compactor Operator

Page 1

JSA No. ____________

DATE: 8/23/99

NEW
REVISED

of 1

TITLE OF PERSON WHO DOES

JOB: Grounds Crew

SUPERVISOR:

ANALYSIS PERFOMED BY:

ORGANIZATION: State Fair Park

LOCATION: Refuse Collection

DEPARTMENT: Grounds

SEQUENCE OF BASIC JOB

STEPS

POTENTIAL HAZARDS

RECOMMENDED ACTION OR PROCEDURE

1. Pull/push full dumpster into

hydraulic lift gate.

Lower back, arm, and shoulder

strain.

Troy Tepp, Sentry Insurance

Pinched hand between gate and

rolling dumpster.

REVIEWED BY:

Repair/improve condition of lot pavement.

Install larger wheels or properly inflate existing wheels.
Push dumpster to move, pull to steer/guide.
Wear protective canvas or leather gloves.
Install plugs to drain water from dumpster.
Use a tugger or other motorized cart to move dumpsters.

Hitting head on horizontal gate

member.
2. Raise hydraulic lift gate to "UP"
position, dumping contents.

None observed.

None observed.

3. Spray remaining trash residue

Trash particles and water spray

into eyes.

ANSI approved eye or face protection when spraying/cleaning

the dumpster.

4. Lower hydraulic lift gate

and emptied dumpster back to
ground level.

Crushing injury if a person is

under the lowering gate.

Install an automatic lowering alarm.

Install an emergency-stop button on gate frame.
Install a physical barrier across entrance of gate frame to
prevent entry.

5. Pull empty dumpster from the

gate to the designated area for

Lower back, arm, and shoulder

strain.

from raised dumpster with water.

placement on the grounds.

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Repair/improve condition of lot pavement.

Install larger wheels or properly inflate existing wheels.
Push dumpsters to move, pull to steer/guide.
Wear protective canvas or leather gloves.
Use a tugger or other motorized cart to move dumpsters.

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Hazard Control Methods

28

Eliminate the source of hazard

Substitute as less hazardous equivalent
Reduce hazards at the source
Remove the employee from the hazard
Isolate the hazard
Dilute the hazard
Aplly appropriate management strategy
Use appropriate PPE
Provide employee training
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Risk Assessment
29

Is the process of quantifying the level of risk.

Risk Analysis: A process of evaluating

the severity of consequences and
frequency of exposure to hazards, and
evaluating of risk tolerance and
mitigation.

Methods:

Risk Assessment Matrix

Risk assessment decision tree
William Fine Method
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Risk Assessment
30

Risk assessment involves identification,

analysis, and evaluation of risk
Risk determination : indentify risks and
risk estimation
Risk evaluation : risk aversion and risk
acceptance

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Risk Assessment Matrix

32

Is an analytical mehodology normally

associated with insurance and
investments.
Focus on :
How frequently does a given event
occur?
How severe are the consequences of a
given event?
Risk Level
(1) High Imperative to reduce risk level.

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(2) Medium Requires a mitigation plan.

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Severity of Consequences
(1) Catastrophic Death or system loss.
(2) Critical - Severe injury or major
system damage.
(3) Marginal - Injury requiring medical
attention or system damage.
(4) Negligible - Possible minor injury or
minor system damage.
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Frequency of Exposure
(A) Frequent - Expected to occur frequently.
(B) Probable - Will occur several times in the life
of an item.
(C) Occasional - Likely to occur sometime in the
life of an item.
(D) Remote - Unlikely, but possible to occur in
the life of an item.
(E) Improbable - So unlikely, it can be assumed
occurrence may not be experienced.
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Classification
35

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Example: Risk Assessment

Matrix

Frequency of Exposure
36
Frequent (A)
Probable (B)
Occasional (C)
Remote (D)

Catastrophic (1)
A1
B1
C1
D1

Severity
Critical (2)
A2
B2
C2
D2

Marginal (3)
A3
B3
C3
D3

Risk Levels

High

Medium

Low

Negligible (4)
A4
B4
C4
D4

1
2
3
4

Catastrophic
Critical
Marginal
Negligible

major injury to driver, spectators

damage to property, and/or minor injury
damage to vehicle only
reparable damage to vehicle only, no injuries

A
B
C
D

Frequent
Probable
Occasional
Remote

every time it is driven

with every race
during/following repair
not expected during the life of the vehicle

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Risk Assessment Decision

Tree

Specific question:

How severe are potential injuries?

How frequently are employee exposed to
the poetntial hazard?
What is the possibility of avoiding hazard?
What is the likelihood of an injury should a
safety control system fail?

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William Fine Method for Risk

Assessment
R=CxExP
Where,
RS = Risk Score (skore resiko)
C
= Consequences atau konsekuensi yang mungkin
terjadi akibat suatu bahaya
E
= Exposure atau frekuensi paparan terhadap
penyebab, seringkali disamakan dengan injury frequency
rate
P = Probability atau kemungkinan bahwa urutan lengkap
kecelakaan akan terjadi, dapat dihitung dengan jumlah
kecelakaan yang menimbulkan luka dan mengenai
anggota badan yang sama dibagi dengan jumlah seluruh
kecelakaan yang terjadi dalam periode yang sama
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Konsekuensi
(consequences)
Derajat keparahan (Degree of Severity of Consequences)

Rating

a.Bencana alam : banyak kecelakaan fatal (cacat tetap atau

meninggal), kerusakan yang luas (diatas $1,000,000) .................
b.Beberapa kecelakaan fatal, kerusakan berkisar $400,000
sampai$1,000,000 ..........................................................................
.........
c.Kecelakaan
fatal,
kerusakan
$100,000
sampai
$400,000 ..............
d.Injury sangat serius (amputasi, cacat permanen), kerusakan
$1,000 sampai $100,000 ...............................................................
e.Luka yang menyebabkan cacat, kerusakan sampai $1,000

100

f.Luka minor, memar, benjolan, kerusakan minor ..........................

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50
25
15
5

40

Paparan (Exposure)
Frekuensi (The hazard-event occurs)
a.

Terus
menerus
sehari) ......................................

Rating
(sering

dalam 10
6

b.

Sering
sehari) ..............................................................

(sekali
3

c.

Sekali-sekali (sekali seminggu atau sebulan) ......................... 2

d.

Biasa (sekali sebulan atau setahun) ........................................ 1

e.

Jarang
terjadi) .............................................................

(pernah

Sangat jarang (belum pernah terjadi, tetapi ada kemungkinan

akan
terjadi) .............................................................................
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f.

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Probabilitas (Probability)
Kontinuitas kecelakaan
Consequences)

(The

accident-sequence,

incl. Rating

a.Paling memungkinkan terjadi bila ada potensi bahaya ..............

10

b.Agak memungkinkan terjadi (peluang terjadi 50:50) ...............

c.Merupakan hal yang tidak biasa terjadi atau kebetulan ...........

d.Merupakan kebetulan yang kecil peluangnya (pernah terjadi) ..

e.Sangat kecil kemungkinannya, tetapi dipahami akan mungkin

terjadi (tidak pernah terjadi setelah sekian tahun) .....................

0.5

f.Secara praktek tidak mungkin terjadi (tidak pernah terjadi

sebelumnya) ...............................................................................
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Risk score summary and

action
Score

Action

200 1500

Immediate

90 - 199

Urgent

0 -89

Situation is not emergency

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The risk score can be used to decide how

quickly
J=
R
(CF x DC)

Where,
CF : a cost of factor
DC : degree of correction value
If J>10, the cost is justified
If J < 10, the cost is not justified
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Cost Factor (CF)

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10

$ 50,000

$25,000 50,000

$10,000 25,000

$1,000 10,000

$100 1,000

$25 100

0.5

Under $25

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Degree of Correction (DC)

46

Hazard positively eliminated 100%

Hazard reduced at least 75%

Hazard reduced by 50% - 75%

Hazard reduced by 50%

< 25%

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SELESAI

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