Transformasi Fourier

TF091309 Fisika Gelombang

Dosen: Dr.rer.nat. Aulia M T Nasution

What do we hope to achieve with the

Fourier Transform?

Plane waves have only

one frequency, .

Light electric field

We desire a measure of the frequencies present in a wave.

the spectrum

Time

This light wave has many

frequencies. And the
frequency increases in
time (from red to blue).

It will be nice if our measure also tells us when each frequency occurs.
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Fourier Cosine Series

Because cos(mt) is an even function (for all m), we can write an even
function, f(t), as:

f(t)

cos(mt)

m 0

where the set {Fm; m = 0, 1, } is a set of coefficients that define the

series.

And where well only worry about the function f(t) over the interval
(,).
TF091309 Fisika Gelombang
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The Kronecker delta function

m,n

1 if m n

0 if m n

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Finding the coefficients, Fm,

in a Fourier Cosine Series
f (t )

Fm cos(mt )
Fourier Cosine Series:

m0
To find Fm, multiply each side by cos(mt), where m is another integer, and integrate:

But since:

f (t) cos(m' t) dt

cos(mt ) cos(m ' t ) dt

m0

Fm cos(mt) cos(m' t) dt

if m m '

m,m '
0 if m m '

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Finding the coefficients, Fm,

in a Fourier Cosine Series_2

So:

1
f (t ) cos(m ' t ) dt

Dropping the from the m:

only the m = m term contributes

Fm m,m '

m0

Fm

yields
f (t )cos(
mtthe
) dt

coefficients for
any
f(t)!

TF091309 Fisika Gelombang

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Fourier Sine Series

Because sin(mt) is an odd function (for all m), we can write any odd
function, f(t), as:

f (t)
Fmsin(mt)

m 0

where the set {Fm; m = 0, 1, } is a set of coefficients that define the

series.

where well only worry about the function f(t) over the interval
( ,).
TF091309 Fisika Gelombang
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Finding the coefficients, Fm,

in a Fourier Sine Series
Fourier Sine Series:

f (t)

Fmsin(mt)

m 0

To find Fm, multiply each side by sin(mt), where m is another integer,

and integrate:

f (t ) sin(m ' t) dt

F sin(mt ) sin(m ' t ) dt

m 0

But since:

if m m '
sin(mt ) sin( m ' t ) dt
m,m '
0 if m m '
TF091309 Fisika Gelombang
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Finding the coefficients, Fm,

in a Fourier Sine Series_2
So:

1
f (t ) sin(m ' t ) dt

F
m

m 0

m,m '

only the m = m term

contributes

Dropping the from the m:

coefficients

Fm

f (t ) sin( mt ) dt

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yields the
for any f(t)!

Fourier Series
So if f(t) is a general function, neither even nor odd, it can be
written:

f (t )

m 0

Fm cos(mt )

even component

where

Fm

and dt
f (t) cos(mt)

m 0

Fm sin( mt )

odd component

Fm

f (t) sin(mt) dt

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Fourier Transform
F(m)FmiFm=

f (t) cos(mt) dt i

f (t) sin(mt) dt

Lets now allow f(t) to range from to , so well have to integrate from
to , and lets redefine m to be the frequency, which well now call :

F ( )

f (t ) exp(i t ) dt

The Fourier
Transform

F() is called the Fourier Transform of f(t). It contains equivalent information

to that in f(t). We say that f(t) lives in the time domain, and F() lives in the
frequency domain. F() is just another way of looking at a function or wave.
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11

The Inverse Fourier Transform

The Fourier Transform takes us from f(t) to F(w). How about going back?
Recall our formula for the Fourier Series of f(t) :

1
f (t )

m0

1
Fm cos( mt )

Fm' sin(mt )

m0

Now transform the sums to integrals from to , and again replace Fm with
F(). Remembering the fact that we introduced a factor of i (and including a
factor of 2 that just crops up), we have:

1
f (t )
2

F ( ) exp(i t ) d

Inverse
Fourier
Transform

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The Fourier Transform and

its Inverse

F ( )

f (t ) exp(it ) dt

FourierTransform

f (t )

1
2

F ( ) exp(it ) d

Inverse Fourier Transform

So we can transform to the frequency domain and back. Interestingly,

these functions are very similar.

There are different definitions of these transforms. The 2 can occur in

several places, but the idea is generally the same.
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13

Fourier Transform Notation

There are several ways to denote the Fourier transform of a
function.

If the function is labeled by a lower-case letter, such as f,

we can write:

f(t) F()

If the function is labeled by an upper-case letter, such as E, we can

write:

E (t ) E%
( )
E (t ) or:
F {E (t )}

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The Spectrum
We define the spectrum of a wave E(t) to be:

F {E (t )}

This is our measure of the frequencies present in a light

wave.

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15

Example: the Fourier Transform of a

rectangle function: rect(t)
F ( )

1/ 2

exp(it ) dt

1/ 2

1
[exp( it )]1/1/2 2
i

1
[exp(i / 2) exp(i
i
exp(i / 2) exp( i

2i
sin(

F()

F ( sinc(

Imaginary
Component = 0

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Sync(x) and why it's important

Sinc(x/2) is the Fourier

transform of a rectangle
function.

Sinc2(x/2) is the Fourier

transform of a triangle
function.

Sinc2(ax) is the diffraction

pattern from a slit.

It just appears everywhere...

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17

The Fourier Transform of the triangle

function, (t), is sinc2()
(t )
Sometimes
people use
(t), too, for
the triangle
function.

sinc 2 ( / 2)

1/2

1/2

Well prove this when we learn about convolution.

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18

Example: the Fourier Transform of a

decaying exponential: exp(at)(t>0)

F ( exp( at ) exp(it )dt

0

exp( at it )dt exp([a i t )dt

1
1

exp([a i t ) 0
[exp() exp(0)]
a i
a i
1

[0 1]
a i
1

a i

1
F ( i
ia
A complex

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Lorentzian!

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Example: the Fourier Transform of a

Gaussian, exp(at2)is itself!
F {exp(at 2 )}

2
exp(

at
) exp( it ) dt

exp( 2 / 4a)
exp( 2 / 4a)

exp( at 2 )

t
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Existence of Fourier Transform

Some functions dont have Fourier transforms.
The condition for the existence of a given F() is:

f (t ) dt

Functions that do not asymptote to zero in both the + and

directions generally do not have Fourier transforms.
So well assume that all functions of interest go to zero at .
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21

Fourier Transform Symmetry Properties

Expanding the
Fourier transform of a function, f(t):

F
( )
[Re{ f (t )} i Im{ f (t )}] [cos( t ) i sin( t )] dt

Expanding further:

F ( )

=0ifReorIm{f(t)} isodd=0ifRe orIm{f(t)}iseven

Re{ f (t )} cos( t ) d t
Im{ f (t )} sin( t) d t Re{F( )}

Im{ f (t )} cos(t ) dt i Re{ f (t )} sin(t) dt Im{F()}

Evenfunctionsof

Oddfunctionsof

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22

Thank You
Questions ???

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Dosen: Dr.rer.nat. Aulia M T Nasution

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