Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Introduction
In prestressed concrete applications, most important variable is
the prestress.
Prestress does not remain constant (reduces) with time.
Even during prestressing of tendons, and transfer of prestress,
there is a drop of prestress from the initially applied stress.
Reduction of prestress is nothing but the loss in prestress.
Prestress Loss
Early attempts to produce prestressed concrete was not successful due to loss
of prestress transferred to concrete after few years.
Prestress loss is nothing but the reduction of initial applied prestress to an
effective value.
In other words, loss in prestress is the difference between initial prestress and
the effective prestress that remains in a member.
Loss of prestress is a great concern since it affects the strength of member and
also significantly affects the members serviceability including Stresses in
Concrete, Cracking, Camber and Deflection.
ii.
Prestress Losses
Time
Dependent
Immediate
Elastic
Shortening
Friction
Anchorage
Slip
Creep
Shrinkage
Relaxation
Pre-tensioning
Post-tensioning
i.
1. Elastic Shortening
Yes
2. Anchorage Slip
No
Yes
3. Friction Loss
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
5. Relaxation of Steel
Yes
Yes
ii.
Immediate Losses
Elastic Shortening of Concrete
In pre-tensioned concrete, when the prestress is transferred to
concrete, the member shortens and the prestressing steel also
shortens in it. Hence there is a loss of prestress.
In case of post-tensioning, if all the cables are tensioned
simultaneously there is no loss since the applied stress is recorded
after the elastic shortening has completely occurred.
If the cables are tensioned sequentially, there is loss in a tendon
during subsequent stretching of other tendons.
Strain compatibility
Loss due to elastic shortening is quantified by the drop in
prestress (fp) in a tendon due to change in strain in tendon
(p).
Change in strain in tendon is equal to strain in concrete (c) at
the level of tendon due to prestressing force, which is called
strain compatibility between concrete and steel.
Strain in concrete at the level of tendon is calculated from the
stress in concrete (fc) at the same level due to the prestressing
force.
A linear elastic relationship is used to calculate the strain from
the stress.
Elastic Shortening
1. Pre-tensioned Members: When the tendons are cut and
the prestressing force is transferred to the member,
concrete undergoes immediate shortening due to
prestress.
2. Tendon also shortens by same amount, which leads to
the loss of prestress.
Elastic Shortening
1. Post-tensioned Members: If there is only one tendon,
there is no loss because the applied prestress is
recorded after the elastic shortening of the member.
2. For more than one tendon, if the tendons are stretched
sequentially, there is loss in a tendon during subsequent
stretching of the other tendons.
Elastic Shortening
Pre-tensioned Members: operation of pre-tensioning through
various stages by animation.
Prestressing
bed
Pre-tensioning of a member
Elastic Shortening
Post-tensioned Members: complete operation of post-tensioning
through various stages by animation
Duc
t
jack
Anchorag
e
Casting bed
Post-tensioning of a member
Anchorage Slip
In most Post-tensioning systems when the tendon force is
transferred from the jack to the anchoring ends, the friction
wedges slip over a small distance.
Anchorage block also moves before it settles on concrete.
Loss of prestress is due to the consequent reduction in the
length of the tendon.
Certain quantity of prestress is released due to this slip of wire
through the anchorages.
Amount of slip depends on type of wedge and stress in the wire.
The magnitude of slip can be known from the tests or from the
patents of the anchorage system.
Loss of stress is caused by a definite total amount of
shortening.
Percentage loss is higher for shorter members.
Due to setting of anchorage block, as the tendon shortens,
there develops a reverse friction.
Effect of anchorage slip is present up to a certain length,
called the setting length lset.
Anchorage loss can be accounted for at the site by overextending the tendon during prestressing operation by the
amount of draw-in before anchoring.
Loss of prestress due to slip can be calculated:
Es
P
L
A
where, = Slip of anchorage
L= Length of cable
A= Cross-sectional area of the cable
Es= Modulus of Elasticity of steel
P = Prestressing Force in the cable.
Frictional Loss
In Post-tensioned members, tendons are housed in
ducts or
sheaths.
If the profile of cable is linear, the loss will be due to
straightening or stretching of the cables called Wobble Effect.
If the profile is curved, there will be loss in stress due to friction
between tendon and the duct or between the tendons themselves.
Friction
Post-tensioned Members
Friction
Post-tensioned Members
P0
Px
Px Poe kx
where, Po= Prestressing force at the jacking end
= Coeficient of friction between cable and the duct
Cumulative angle in radian through which
the tangent to the cable profile has turned
between any two points under consideration
k = Friction coefficient
Creep of Concrete
Time-dependent increase of deformation under sustained load.
Due to creep, the prestress in tendons decreases with time.
Factors affecting creep and shrinkage of concrete
Age
Applied Stress level
Density of concrete
Cement Content in concrete
Water-Cement Ratio
Relative Humidity and
Temperature
cr,ult = el
IS: 1343 considers only the age of loading of the prestressed
concrete structure in calculating the ultimate creep strain.
Shrinkage of Concrete
Time-dependent strain measured in an unloaded
unrestrained specimen at constant temperature.
and
0.002
Log 10(t 2)
Relaxation
Losses in Prestress
Notation
Geometric Properties
1. Commonly used Notations in prestressed member are
.
CGC = Centroid of concrete = Centroid of gravity of section, may lie outside concrete
CGS = Centroid of prestressing steel = Centroid of the tendons.
CGS may lie outside the tendons or the concrete
I = MoI of prestressed member = Second moment of area of gross section about CGC.
It = Moment of inertia of transformed section = Second moment of area of the
transformed section about the centroid of the transformed section.
e = Eccentricity of CGS with respect to CGC = Vertical distance between CGC and
CGS. If CGS lies below CGC, e will be considered positive and vice versa
Load Variables
Pi = Initial prestressing force = force applied to tendons by jack.
P0 = Prestressing force after immediate losses = Reduced value of prestressing force
after elastic shortening, anchorage slip and loss due to friction.
Strain compatibility
Loss due to elastic shortening is quantified by the drop in prestress (fp) in a
tendon due to change in strain in tendon (p).
Change in strain in tendon is equal to strain in concrete (c) at the level of
tendon due to prestressing force, which is called strain compatibility
between concrete and steel.
Strain in concrete at the level of tendon is calculated from the stress in
concrete (fc) at the same level due to the prestressing force.
A linear elastic relationship is used to calculate the strain from the stress.
For simplicity, the loss in all the tendons can be calculated based
on the stress in concrete at the level of CGS.
This simplification cannot be used when tendons are stretched
sequentially in a post-tensioned member.
Elastic Shortening
Pre-tensioned Axial Members
Original length of member at transfer of
prestress
Pi
P0
Elastic Shortening
The stress in concrete due to prestressing force after immediate
losses (P0/Ac) can be equated to the stress in transformed section
due to the initial prestress (Pi /At).
The transformed area At of the prestressed member can be
approximated to the gross area A.
The strain in concrete due to elastic shortening (c) is the
difference between the initial strain in steel (pi) and the residual
strain in steel (p0).
Elastic Shortening
Pre-tensioned Axial Members
Length of tendon before
stretching
pi
p0
Pi
c
P0
25
Problem
Solution
a)Approximate solution considering gross section
The sectional properties are.
) Area of a single wire, Aw = /4 72 = 38.48 mm2
) Area of total prestressing steel, Ap = 9 38.48 = 346.32 mm2
) Area of concrete section,
Since the wires are distributed above and below the CGC, the
losses are calculated for the top and bottom wires separately.
Here,
fc1 = stress in concrete at the end of the member
fc2 = stress in concrete at the mid-span of the member.
Here,
c is the strain at the level of Tendon A.
The component of c due to pure compression is represented as c1.
The component of c due to bending is represented as c2.
Here,
A = cross-sectional area of beam
PB = prestressing force in Tendon B
Ec = modulus of concrete
L = length of beam
eA(x) = eccentricities of Tendons A, at distance x from left end
eB(x) = eccentricities of Tendons B, at distance x from left end
I = moment of inertia of beam
L = change in length of beam
0.55
0.30
0.25
Solution
Prestress in each tendon at stretching end
= 1200 200
= 240 kN.
To know the value of (L), the equation for a parabolic profile is
required.
Here,
ym = displacement of the CGS at the centre of the beam from the ends
L = length of the beam
x = distance from the stretching end
y = displacement of the CGS at distance x from the ends.
The maximum loss for all the cables is at x = L = 10, the anchored
end.
Percentage loss due to friction = (1 e L) 100%
Anchorage Slip
In a post-tensioned member, when the prestress is transferred to the
concrete, the wedges slip through a little distance before they get properly
seated in the conical space. The anchorage block also moves before it settles
on the concrete. There is loss of prestress due to the consequent reduction in
the length of the tendon.
The total anchorage slip depends on the type of anchorage system. Typical
values of anchorage slip
Anchorage System
Freyssinet system
12 - 5mm strands
12 - 8mm strands
Magnel system
8 mm
Dywidag system
1 mm
Here, x = + kx denotes the total effect of friction and wobble. The plot of
Px gives the force variation diagram.
The initial part of the force variation diagram, up to length lset is influenced
by the setting of the anchorage block. Let the drop in the prestressing force at
the stretching end be P. The determination of P and l set are necessary to
plot the force variation diagram including the effect of the setting of the
anchorage block.
Considering the drop in the prestressing force and the effect of reverse
friction, the magnitude of the prestressing force at a distance x from the
stretching end is given as follows.
Here, for reverse friction is analogous to for friction and wobble. At the
end of the setting length (x = lset), Px = Px
P = 2P0lset
Therefore,
The term P0 represents the loss of prestress per unit length due to
friction.
The force variation diagrams for the various stages are explained.
a) The initial tension at the right end is high to compensate for the
anchorage slip. It corresponds to about 0.8 fpk initial prestress. The
force variation diagram (FVD) is linear.
b) After the anchorage slip, the FVD drops near the right end till
the length lset.
c) The initial tension at the left end also corresponds to about 0.8
fpk initial prestress. The FVD is linear up to the centre line of the
beam.
d) After the anchorage slip, the FVD drops near the left end till
the length lset. It is observed that after two stages, the variation of
the prestressing force over the length of the beam is less than
after the first stage.
Example
A four span continuous bridge girder is post-tensioned with a
tendon consisting of twenty strands with fpk = 1860 MPa. Half
of the girder is shown in the figure below. The symmetrical
tendon is simultaneously stressed up to 75% f pk from both ends
and then anchored. The tendon properties are Ap = 2800 mm2, Ep
= 195,000 MPa, = 0.20, K = 0.0020/m. The anchorage slip s =
6 mm.
Calculate
a) The expected elongation of the tendon after stretching,
b) The force variation diagrams along the tendon before and after
anchorage.
Solution
13.7
15.2
13.7
3.7
3.7
15.2
The inflection points are those where the curvature of the tendon
reverses. The different segments are as follows: 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5,
5-6, 6-7 and 7-8.
e
0
The change in slope from the origin to the end of the parabola is
same as the slope at the end of the tendon which is = 2e/L,
where
L = length of the segment
e = vertical shift from the origin.
For segments 2-3 and 3-4 and subsequent pairs of segments, the
following property is used.
For the two parabolic segments joined at the inflection point as shown
in the sketch above, the slope at the inflection point
= 2(e1 + e2)/L.
Here,
e1 = eccentricities of the CGS at the span
e2 = eccentricities of the CGS at the support
L = length of the span
L = fractional length between the points of maximum
eccentricity
b) The force variation diagrams along the tendon before and after
anchorage
After anchorage, the effect of anchorage slip is present up to the
setting length lset. The value of lset due to an anchorage slip s = 6
mm is calculated as follows.
Thus the value of the prestressing force at each stretching end after
anchorage slip is 3906 424 = 3482 kN. The force variation
diagram for lset = 15.46 m is altered to show the drop due to
anchorage slip.
The force variation diagrams before and after anchorage are shown
below. Note that the drop of force per unit length is more over the
supports due to change in curvature over a small distance.
Creep of Concrete
Creep of concrete is defined as the increase in deformation with
time under constant load. Due to the creep of concrete, the prestress
in the tendon is reduced with time.
The creep of concrete is explained in Section 1.6, Concrete (Part
II). Here, the information is summarised. For stress in concrete less
than one-third of the characteristic strength, the ultimate creep
strain (cr,ult) is found to be proportional to the elastic strain ( el).
The ratio of the ultimate creep strain to the elastic strain is defined
as the ultimate creep coefficient or simply creep coefficient .
The ultimate creep strain is then given as follows.
Shrinkage of Concrete
Shrinkage of concrete is defined as the contraction due to loss of
moisture. Due to the shrinkage of concrete, the prestress in the
tendon is reduced with time. The shrinkage of concrete was
explained in details in the Section 1.6, Concrete (Part II).
IS:1343 - 1980 gives guidelines to estimate the shrinkage strain
in Section 5.2.4. It is a simplified estimate of the ultimate
shrinkage strain (sh). Curing the concrete adequately and
delaying the application of load provide long term benefits with
regards to durability and loss of prestress. In special situations
detailed calculations may be necessary to monitor shrinkage
strain with time. Specialised literature or international codes can
provide guidelines for such calculations.
Example
A concrete beam of dimension 100 mm 300 mm is posttensioned with 5 straight wires of 7mm diameter. The average
prestress after short-term losses is 0.7fpk = 1200 N/mm2 and the
age of loading is given as 28 days. Given that Ep = 200 103
MPa, Ec = 35000 MPa, find out the losses of prestress due to
creep, shrinkage and relaxation. Neglect the weight of the beam
in the computation of the stresses.
Solution
Area of concrete A
= 100 300
= 30000 mm2
Moment of inertia of beam section
I
= 100 3003 / 12
= 5 (/4) 72
= 192.42 mm2
Prestressing force after short-term losses
P0
= Ap.fp0
= 192.4 1200
= 230880 N
Modular ratio m = Ep / Ec
= 2 105 / 35 103
= 5.71
= 7.69 2.56
= 10.25 N/mm2
= fp Ap
Therefore,
Loss of prestressing force due to creep
=93.64 192.42
= 18018 N
Loss of prestressing force due to shrinkage=27.08 192.42
= 5211 N
Loss of prestressing force due to relaxation= 70 192.42
= 13469 N
Total long-term loss of prestressing force (neglecting the interaction
of the losses and prestressing force)
= 36698 N
Percentage loss of prestress = 36698 / 230880 100%
= 15.9 %
Beginning
End
Age of prestressing
End of Step 1
End of Step 2
1 year of service
End of Step 3
In
pretensioning
system,
tendons
are
first
methods
rely
on
the
bond
Post-tensioning
Concrete units are first cast by incorporating ducts or groves to
house the tendons.
When concrete attains sufficient strength, the high tensile wires are
tensioned by means of a jack bearing on the end face of the member
and the wires are anchored by wedges or nuts.
The forces are transmitted to concrete by means of the end
anchorages and also when the cable is curved, through the radial
pressure between the cable and the duct.
The space between the tendons and the duct is generally grouted
after the tensioning operation.
[g+q]
e
P
Direct Stress
Bending Stress
Resultant Stress
Combined action of prestressing force and the externally applied load results
in a distribution of concrete stresses that can be resolved into a single force.
The line joining the locus of points of the resultant force in any structure is
termed as the Pressure or Thrust line.
The location of the pressure line depends upon the magnitude and direction
of the moments applied at the cross-section and the magnitude and
distribution of stress due to the prestressing force.
Straight Tendon
Bent Tendon