Thermo chemistry

The study of changes in heat

energy during chemical
reaction

Exothermi
c
Reaction

Endothermi
c
Reaction

Exothermic Reaction
A chemical reaction that

gives

out or release of
heat energy to the surroundings

Endothermic
Chemical
reaction that
Reaction

absorbs heat energy

the surroundings

from

Energy Change During

Formation And Breaking Of
Bonds
Chemical Reaction :

bond
breaking
and
bond
(absorb energy)
(release
formation energy)

If heat absorb to break the bonds

higher than heat released during
formation of bonds - endothermic

If heat absorb to break the bonds is

lower than heat released during
formation of bonds - exothermic

ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM

Every chemical substances
have certain amount of chemical
energy and different for different
substances.
Symbol
is H released or
The amount of
heat energy

absorbed during chemical reaction heat of

reaction.
Symbol is H, unit KJ mol-1
H
=
Total Energy Content Product Total Energy
Content Reactant
=

Hproducts

Hreactants

The Energy Level Diagram For

Endothermic
Reaction

Exothermic Reaction
Energ
y

Energ
y

Reactant
s

H = +yKJmol-1

H = - xKJmol-1

Product
s

Product
s

Reactant
s

APPLICATION
Cold Pack

Separate compartment (thin film) of water + solid

ammonium nitrate placed in a plastic bag
Squeezed it, the compartment broken and solid
ammonium nitrate dissolved in water
Endothermic, provide instant coldness

Hot Pack

Separate compartment (thin film) of water +

anhydrous calcium chloride placed in a plastic
bag
Squeezed it, the compartment broken and
anhydrous calcium chloride dissolved in water
Exothermic, release heat

4 type of heat of
reactions :
Heat of Precipitation
Heat of
Neutralization
Heat of Displacement
Heat of Combustion

HEAT OF PRECIPITATION
DEFINATION :
Heat of precipitation is the energy change
when 1 mole of precipitate is formed from its
ions.
To calculate Heat of Precipitation
Step 1 : find energy change , Q
Q = mc
m = m1 + m2
c = 4.2
= temp change

m1

-- -- -

m2

- - -

Step 2 : find mol, n both solution

n = MV/1000
Step 3 : find H
H = Q/ n KJ mol-1

HEAT OF DISPLACEMENT
DEFINATION :

Heat of displacement is the energy change 1 mole of

metal is displaced from its salt solution by more
electropositive metal
Excess metal

To calculate Heat of Displacement

Step 1 : find energy change , Q

Q = mc
m=m
c = 4.2
= temp change
-- -- m

- - -

Step 2 : find mol, n solution

n = MV/1000
Step 3 : find H
H = Q/ n KJ mol-1

HEAT OF NEUTRALISATION
DEFINATION :

Heat of neutralization is the energy change when 1

mole of water is formed from the neutralization
between 1 mole of H+ ion from an acid and 1
mole of OH- ion from an alkali
To calculate Heat of Neutralization

acid
m1

Step 1 : find energy change , Q

Q = mc
m = m1 + m2
c = 4.2
= temp change
Step 2 : find mol, n both solution
n = mv/1000

Alkali
m2

Step 3 : find H
H = Q/ n KJ mol-1

HEAT OF COMBUSTION
DEFINATION :

Heat of combustion is the heat given off when 1

mole of alcohol is burnt completely in an excess
of O2 gas.
To calculate Heat of Combustion

Step 1 : find energy change , Q

Q = mc
m = VOLUME OF WATER
USED
c = 4.2
= temp change
Step 2 : find mol, n
(FOR FUEL/ ALCOHOL)
n = Mass Of Alcohol
Used
Molar mass

of