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MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER
LEARNING OUTCOME
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Multistage Amplifier
Multistage
Amplifier
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Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Multistage Amplifier
Multistage
Amplifier
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Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Multistage Amplifier
Multistage
Multistage
Amplifier
Amplifier
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Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Multistage Amplifier
As shown in fig. 4.1 Vi1 is the input of the first stage and Vo2 is the
output of the second stage . Therefore Vo2 / Vi1 is the overall Voltage
gain of two stage amplifier and it can be given as,
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Av(dB) = 20 log Av
- In multistage system overall voltage gain in dB, the sum of the
individual voltage gains in dB.
Multistage Amplifier
Example 4.1
Multistage
Amplifier
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Feedback
Amplifier
Solution
Av = Av1 Av2 Av3 = (10)(15)(20) = 3000
Multistage Amplifier
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Feedback Amplifier
Multistage
Amplifier
source x +
xi
`
Feedback
Amplifier
xf
- ve
feedback
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Amplifier
Forward
Gain
xo
load
Feedback
Network
+ve
feedback
Fig. 4. 3 Block diagram of
feedback
Multistage
Amplifier
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Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Positive
Feedback
(Regenerative
)
Positive feedback occurs
when the feedback signal is
in phase with the input
signal.
Application used in
Oscillator circuits
Negative
Feedback
(Degenerativ
e)
Negative feedback occurs
when the feedback signal is
out of phase with the input
signal.
Application - used in
Amplifier Circuits.
Positive Feedback
Positive feedback is the process when the output is added to the
input, amplified again, and this process continues.
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Negative feedback is when the output is subtracted from the input.
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Parameter
Positive
Feedback
Negative
Feedback
Input &Output
Voltage, noise
Feedback Signal &
Input Signal
Stability
Increases due to
Feedback
In phase
Decreases due to
Feedback
Out of phase
Becomes poor
Becomes better
Applications
Oscillators
Amplifiers
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
0 or 3600
1800
Negative Feedback
Advantages
Desensitize the gain
- make the value of the gain
less sensitive to variations in
the values of circuit
components, such as might be
caused by changes in
temperature.
Circuit Gain
- The overall amplifier
gain, with negative
feedback, is reduced
compared to the basic
amplifier used in the
circuit.
Bandwidth extension,
- The bandwidth of a circuit
that incorporates negative
feedback is large than that of the
basic amplifier.
Stability
- There is a possibility
that the feedback circuit
may become unstable
(oscillate ) at high
frequencies
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Disadvantages
Noise sensitivity,
- Negative feedback may
reduce the noise level in
amplifier and increase the
single-to-noise ratio (SNR)
Negative Feedback
Advantages
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Reduction of non-linear
distortion.
- since transistors have
nonlinear characteristics, distortion
may appear in the output signals,
especially at large signal levels.
Negative feedback reduces this
distortion.
Disadvantages
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
X o A.X i
X0
Xi
XS
Xf
= OUTPUT SIGNAL
= INPUT SIGNAL
= SOURSE SIGNAL
= FEEDBACK SIGNAL
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Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
X f .X o
Xo
A
Af
X s 1 A
= FEEDBACK TRANSFER
FUNCTION
Af = CLOSE LOOP GAIN
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Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Example 1
Assume that the open-loop gain of
system is A = 105 and close-loop gain is Af
= 50, calculate the transfer function .
Solution 1
Multistage
Amplifier
Solution 2
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
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Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
feedback
Vin
1 Ao
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Ao
Af = Ao/(1+Ao )
1,000
5,000
10,000
20,000
90.9
98.3
99.0
99.5
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Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
C. Bandwidth
Reduce the gain and increase the bandwidth.
extension
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
C. Bandwidth
extension
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Fig. 3-6:
Effect of
negative
feedback on
gain and
bandwidth
The amplifier with negative feedback has
more bandwidth
(Bf) than the amplifier without feedback (B).
The use of feedback results in a lowering of
voltage gain.
The product of gain and frequency remains
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Coupling Multistage
Amplifier
In multistage amplifier, the output signal of
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Coupling Multistage
Amplifier
Multistage
Amplifier
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Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
RC Coupling
RC Coupling
Multistage
Amplifier
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Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
RC Coupling
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
RC Coupling
Fig. 4a shows RC coupled amplifier using transistors. As
shown in fig.4a the output signal of first-stage is coupled
Multistage
to the input of the next stage through coupling capacitor
Amplifier
and resistive load at the output terminal of first stage.
The coupling does not effect the quiescent point of the
next stage since the coupling capacitor Cc blocks the dc
`
voltage of the first stage from reaching the base of the
Feedback
second stage. The RC network is broadband in nature.
Amplifier
Therefore, it gives a wideband frequency response
without peak at any frequency and hence used to cover a
complete AF amplifier bands.
However its frequency response drops off at very low
Analysis
frequencies due to coupling capacitors and also at high
Multistage
Amplifier
frequencies due to shunt capacitors such as stray
capacitance.
Fig. 4b shows the frequency response of RC coupled
amplifier
RC Coupling
Multistage
Amplifier
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Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
RC Coupling (cont)
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Direct Coupling
A. CE CC Amplifier Configuration
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Direct Coupling
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Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Internal connection;
Collectors of Q1 and
Q2;
Emitter of Q1 and
base of Q2.
Provides high
current gain : IC
2
IB
Darlington
configuration
provides;
Increased current;
High input
resistance.
Direct Coupling
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Direct Coupling
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Transformer Coupling
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Transformer Coupling
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Transformer Coupling
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Transformer Coupling
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
Comparison between
coupling method
Multistage
Amplifier
`
Feedback
Amplifier
Analysis
Multistage
Amplifier
COMPREHENSION
QUESTION
1. Choose the CORRECT statement about multistage amplifiers
i. A combination of more than one amplifier
ii. Output of one amplifier is connected to the input of another amplifier
iii. Possible to combine the characteristic of one amplifier with those of
others
iv. Overall gain of a circuit can be increased.
2. In RC-coupled amplifiers:
i. The various stages are DC isolated. This feature facilitates the biasing
of
individual stages
ii. The various stages can be similar. Hence the design of the amplifier is
simplified.
iii. The coupling capacitors influence the responses of the amplifier
iv. A great number of biasing resistors is necessary.
COMPREHENSION
QUESTION
3. Transformer coupling is often used for:A.
Low frequency amplification
B.
Medium frequency amplification
C. High frequency amplification
D. NONE of the above
4.The main purpose of multistage or cascade amplifier is to get a
A.
lower voltage gain
B.
higher voltage gain
C. low lower cutoff frequency
D. high higher cutoff frequency
QUICK REVISION