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Volatility
Ability of the substance to escape
Vapor Pressure
the force exerted on the walls of the
container (closed) containing the
liquid at a given temperature
a quantitative measure of volatility
higher vapor pressure, less volatile
Boiling Point
Temperature at which the equilibrium
Distillation
used for purification and boiling
point determination
TYPES
Simple
Steam
Fractional
Vacuum
Modified
NOTE
Distillate liquid condensate from
distillation
Pot residue / residue substance
remaining in the distilling flask
Simple Distillation
Takes advantage of the very wide
difference
in
volatility
of
the
components of the mixture
Separating liquids boiling BELOW 150
C from nonvolatile impurities or
another liquid boiling at least 70 C
higher than the first (liquids should
dissolve in each another)
Simple Distillation
Steam Distillation
Codistillation of water with a
norganic
nH2O
Porganic
PH2O
Sample Problems
Quinoline has a boiling point of 237 C at 1 atm.
Assignment
At 80.0 C, the vapor pressure of
substance carlkyne is 61 mmHg
while that of water is 699 mmHg.
Calculate for the molar mass of
carlkyne if 50.00 g carlkyne was
mixed with 200.0 g of water.
Applications of Steam
Distillation
Each substance in an immiscible mixture
exerts vapor pressure independently of
the others. Thus, when the combined
vapor pressures of the immiscible
substances equal the opposing
atmospheric pressure, the mixture will
boil.
The mixture will boil at a temperature
lower than of the boiling point of the
lowest boiling component
Role of Steam
Contributes a relatively high vapor
OH
OH
linalool
geraniol
O
citral
limonene
STEAM
Principle
Raoults Law
Daltons Law
Sample used
Solution of
nonvolatile solute
in volatile solvent
(Homogeneous)
Immiscible Liquids
are both volatile
(Heterogeneous)
STEAM
Distillate
homogeneous Heterogeneou
collected
s
Boiling point
Normal
Less than the
boiling point normal boiling
point of the
lowest boiling
component
SIMPLE
Substances with
wide difference
in boiling point
e.g. CHCl3
STEAM
-Volatile and
water
immiscible
-Purification of
substances that
(61-65 C) and
are heat
caffeine (238 C)
sensitive
(decompose at
high T)
-Mixture
contains large
amounts of
nonvolatile
SIMPLE
STEAM
- mixture whose
-Compounds
components
that react with
have close BP
water or
decompose
- Compounds
that decompose upon prolonged
contact with
at their normal
water
BP
-Nonvolatile
compound (P
5 mmHg at 100
C)
END