ELEMENTS OF THE

POWER SYSTEM
Submitted To
Mr. Shahbaz Pervez
Submitted By
Bilal Aslam 03F -EE-17
Salman Tahir 03F-EE-55

POWER SYSTEM
The electrical power system provides a
means of generating, transmitting and
distributing energy in the form of electric
current, to the ultimate users, the load.
Generation, Transmission, Distribution and
Load form the four basic elements or
subsystems of a power system

SUBSYSTEMS

GENERATION
Generation is simply the conversion of
energy from one form to another.
The three major types of generation
are:

FOSSIL
HYDRO
NUCLEAR

FOSSIL
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas are
burned to generate electricity
The machines used in fossil generation are
high speed but slow starting
The main issues are environmental as
burning of fuel causes pollution therefore
low sulphur content fuel is used

HYDRO
In hydro plants, electric power is
generated by the water flowing
through a turbine which is coupled
solidly to a generator
Hydral machines are slow machines
but they are quick starting and have
a good ramping rate

NUCLEAR
In nuclear plants the basic cycle is similar to
that of fossil plant but the required heat is
provided by the nuclear reaction rather
from burning fuels
Due to the stringent government
requirements about the safety of nuclear
plants, their design and operation are
much more complicated than the fossil or
hydro units

TRANSMISSION
The transmission system consists of a
network of overhead lines or in
densely populated areas, under
ground cables
The lines are designed to transmit
large amounts of power from point of
generation to the load area

CLASSIFICATION OF
TRANSMISSION LINES
We classify transmission lines with
reference to:

Voltage

Distance

A.C or DC

VOLTAGE

Ultra high voltage transmission lines(1000

KV)
Extra high voltage transmission lines(745
KV)

High voltage transmission lines(200 KV)

Medium voltage transmission line(132 KV)

DISTANCE

Long length T.L (> 150 KM )

Medium length T.L (50-150 KM)

Short length T.L (<50 KM )

A.C OR D.C
The transmission line may be ac or dc
depending upon the application

TYPES OF POWER
TRANSMISSION
The two general types of power
transmission are :

Overhead lines

Underground cables

OVERHEAD LINES
Overhead lines are of two types

AC line

DC line

AC LINES
The overhead ac lines are applied on
power systems at voltages in the
range of 115 KV to 800 KV

COMPONENTS OF A
TRANSMISSION LINE

Conductors

Ground wires

Insulators

Towers

Conductors are either solid round,stranded or

bundled. Stranding provides flexibility
The Ground wire acts as a shield to protect the
energized conductors from lightning strokes
Insulators suspend the energized phase conductors
and insulate them from grounded tower
The Tower support the conductors and is the most
visual part of a T.L

DC TRANSMISSION LINE
In this mode of transmission, the three
phase, 60 Hz voltages and currents
are converted to dc, transmitted on a
dc line and are converted back to ac
at the other end

USES OF THE DC
TRANSMISSION LINE

To connect two systems operating at

different frequencies
For long underground or under water
transmission
For long distance overhead
transmission

DC lines are sometimes called

asynchronous ties since they can be
used to inter connect two systems
operating at different frequencies
Moreover DC transmission is chosen
over AC because it is less expensive
than AC over very long distances

CABLES
Underground cables are used in very
densely populated areas but they are
rarely used because they are more
expensive as they require insulating
materials instead of air to separate
the conductors from each other and
from ground

DISADVANTAGES OF CABLES
There are also some technical
disadvantages associated with
underground cables. One major
problem is the very high capacitance
inherent in the underground cables.
This capacitance give rise to charging
currents. Special equipments must be
installed to compensate for the effect
of charging currents, which adds to
the cost

TYPES OF CABLES

OIL FILLED PIPE TYPE CABLE

OIL FILLED SELF CONTAINED CABLE

SOLID DIELECTRIC CABLE

SF6 CABLE

DISTRIBUTION
The distribution system consists of a
network overhead lines and
underground cables by which the
power is distributed to the ultimate
users of electricity that is the load

LOAD
The utilization of electric power is
collectively called load. This includes
the uses of electricity in homes,
factories, offices and for recreation,
entertainment, etc

SYSTEM VOLTAGES
Generation voltages are in the range of 1235KV
Transmission voltages are in the range of
115-800 KV.
Distribution voltages are in the range of 435 KV.
Loads operate at variety of voltages due to
their diverse nature

POWER IS TRANSMITTED
AT HIGH VOLTAGE
RATHER HIGH CURRENT

Power transmitted is directly

proportional to product of V and I
but losses are directly proportional to
I2 , therefore to transmit power with
minimum loss we use high voltage