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Diagrams
Binary Systems with
Congruent Melting
Textural Interpretations from Phase Diagrams
Binary Systems with Congruent Melting
Diabase dike
Gabbro of
the
Stillwater
Complex,
Montana
Binary Systems
with Solid Solution
Textural Interpretations from Phase Diagrams
Zoned plagioclase
Na
Ca
Diversification of Magmas
Evolution of Magmas
Why do we get so much variation in
igneous rocks?
Evolution of Magmas
Types of Magmas:
• Primitive
• Primary
• Parent
• Derivative
Evolution of Magmas
Magmatic Differentiation
Partial melt
fractionation:
Melting begins at
cotectic – more
melting means
greater divergence
from cotectic melt.
Types of FX:
• gravity settling
• filter pressing
• convective fractionation
• congelation crystallization
• flow differentiation
Evolution of Magmas
MORBs
Subduction
Continental
Origin of Magmas
Peridotites
We
te
hr
i
urg
lite
rzb
Lherzolite
Ha
40
Websterite
10
Clinopyroxenite
Orthopyroxene Clinopyroxene
After IUGS
Origin of Magmas
Answer:
NO!
Origin of Magmas
How does the mantle melt??
1) Increase the temperature
Probably
what
happens
at
spreading
centers
Melting by (adiabatic) pressure reduction. Melting begins when the adiabat crosses the solidus and
traverses the shaded melting interval. Dashed lines represent approximate % melting.
Origin of Magmas
How does the mantle melt??
3) Add volatiles
(especially H2O)
Probably
what
happens at
subduction
zones
MORBs:
Origin of Magmas
MORBs:
Typical Ophiolite
A thin layer
of pelagic
sediment
Layer 2A & B =
pillow basalts
Layer 2C = vertical
sheeted dikes
Layer 3A = upper
isotropic and
lower, somewhat
foliated
(“transitional”)
gabbros
Layer 3B is more
layered, & may
exhibit cumulate
textures
Origin of Magmas
After Perfit et
al. (1994)
Geology, 22,
375-379.
Origin of Magmas
Any model for the origin of magmas at
subduction zones must account for:
1.First stages of F
volcanism
tholeiitic, then
changes to
h o lei
calcalkaline T it
ic
Calc-alkaline
A M
Origin of Magmas
Any model for the origin of magmas at
subduction zones must account for:
2. Amphibolites
dehydrate, H2O
triggers melting
of overlying
mantle
producing
tholeiitic
magmas;
dehydrated slab
becomes
eclogite
Ringwod (1974)
Origin of Magmas
A model for the origin of magmas at
subduction zones.
Later Phases
1. Dehydration of
serpentinite bodies;
H2O causes partial
melting of eclogite to
form rhyodacite-dacite
magma
Ringwod (1974)
Origin of Magmas
Continental Magmas:
• alkaline rocks
• carbonatites
• kimberlites
• anorthosites
• gabbroic layered intrusions
• anorogenic granites
Origin of Magmas
Continental Alkaline Magmatism:
Carbonatites
Continental Alkaline
Magmatism:
Kimberlites