Cross-Cultural Communication Incorporation

Introduction: How did it start?

Field of study

Cold war (After

WWII)

Business: individualcountry capitalism

to global capitalism.

Study: found within

businesses and
government

What expertise
say?
Cross-cultural communication

a perceived crossing of a
point.

Yvonne Pratt-Johnson
(Her Research) St. John's
University (Queens,
New York, USA) once
said:

Cross-cultural
communication requires
diving below the surface
to see the rest of the
iceberg, and it involves
onion peeling, too,
acquiring a corpus of
deeper cultural
information that might
affect how one interacts
with the other.While the
iceberg and onion
metaphors speak to the
complex nature of
culture, they also evoke
an array of feelings.

Cross-Culture
communication,
undoubtedly, is a
complex process. It is
multi-layered and
multifaceted like
iceberg. It is indeed
compared to an iceberg
because only the top is
visible while a massive
part remains
unobservable below the
surface of the water.The
same goes when you
communicate with
someone from different
culture, a huge part
remains undiscovered
when you first meet and
communicate.

University of
Rovira i Virgili,
Tarragona, Spain

Anthony Pym - Scholar

NOW

Others have compared

culture to an onion with
its many layers. As one
layer is peeled, another
layer lies beneath,
waiting to be discovered
which shows varieties of
feelings. Both
metaphors powerfully
address the complexity
of culture.

What expertise
say?
Cross-cultural communication
requires diving below the surface
to see the rest of the iceberg,
and it involves onion peeling, too,
acquiring a corpus of deeper
cultural information that might
affect how one interacts with the
other.While the iceberg and
onion metaphors speak to the
complex nature of culture, they
also evoke an array of feelings.

Researcher from St. John's

University (Queens, New York,
USA)

What expertise say ?

Complex process

Multi-layered and
multifaceted like iceberg.

The top is visible while a

massive part remains
unobservable

Same goes when you

communicate with
someone from different
culture

What expertise say ?

An onion with its many layers

One layer is peeled

Waiting to be discovered

Shows varieties of Feelings

Complexity of culture

What expertise say ?

Scenario 1: Salary

Scenario 2:

Importance

The Increase of Global Trade

Inevitable that unlike cultures will

meet

People find it difficult to

communicate

For example, In America

individualistic cultures self is

dominant or independent

Asia and southern Europe,

interdependent cultures
interdependent on each other.

Importance

Increasing pressures and opportunities

Inc. of Int. networking alliances

Essential mechanism for the

internationalization

Pressure on communication when

there is opportunities

Importance

Public or private goals

Collaboration in some cases

Communication strikes
More or less from diff. background

Education

Largest course

Central to both theoretical

and applied linguistics.

Examining very detailed

process

In all careers

History

Smoke signals

Letters

Telephone

Computer

Social Media

Cross cultural
communication

Expand globally

Language training

Abroad

Pressure for
universities

Intercultural and international understanding

Global competence

What is Culture?

Culture: It is defined as the shared believes,

motives, identities and interpretations that
results from common experiences of members
of the society that are transmitted across
generations. (House, Hanges, Javian, Dorfan, Gupta, 2004)

Personali
ty

Culture

Percepti
on of
the
reality

Adapted from: (Lau and Chiau, 2009)

Perception of reality: Beauty

Business Culture
Individuali
sm vs
Collectivis
m

Power
distance

Uncertaint
y
Avoidance

Individualism: Take care of themselves and their relatives

Collectivism: Welfare of a larger group
Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of
organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect
that power is distributed unequally
Tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity

Masculinit
y vs
Feminity

Male Traits: Assertiveness and Accumulation of physical wealth

Short
term- Long
term
Orientatio

Confucian dynamism: Trade-off between present and future

wellbeing
-

Female Traits: Wellbeing and welfare of the community

Business Culture

Scenario

Tom from US flies to China for a business

deal with Mr. Lee

During their business meeting, they ran into

some difficulties during their business
negotiations.

Tom spoke quickly and profusely because he

wanted to seal the deal as soon as possible.

However, Mr. Lee wanted to get to know

Jack, and he felt that Tom spoke too much.

Result

Mr. Lee also felt that Tom was only concerned

with completing the deal for his own selfinterest and was not concerned with the
overall good of the company. Tom's nonverbal
cues did not help the negotiations either.

Implication

This is form of a barrier due to different

cultural norms.

This can be explained by the Lewis Model

Lewis Model

how people from different cultures vary:

handle interpersonal distance, silence, and
eye contact

how their communication styles are reflected

in the language patterns they use

how they view the truth

what their values, attitudes and world views

are

Lewis Model

Separated into 3 Parts corresponding to its

colours.

Blue: Linear Active

Red: Multi Active

Yellow: Reactive

Blue: Linear Active

Linear-active individuals are

1. private,
2. unemotional,
3. and task-oriented.

Red: Multi Active

Opposite of Linear Active, they are:

1. Sociable,
2. emotional,
3. and people-oriented

Yellow: Reactive

Mix of both Linear and Multi Active:

1. They are good listeners

2. quiet and yet caring,
3. respectful,
4. people-oriented

References

https://www.google.com.hk/search?
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&imgdii=_&imgrc=drsO3Tv2ir_ILM%253A%3BMzV7zyLxeKcTrM%3Bhttp%253A%252F
%252Fwww.stjohns.edu%252Fsites%252Fdefault%252Ffiles%252Fstyles
%252Fevent_detail%252Fpublic%252Ffaculty%252Fphoto%252Fphotograph_prattjohnson.jpg%253Fitok%253DRfT5pP2r%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.stjohns.edu
%252Facademics%252Fbio%252Fyvonne-pratt-johnson-edd%3B260%3B189

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