LIPIDS

By Group 35

I. OBJECTIVES
To be able to:
Determine properties of lipids.
Determine solubility of substances given in water and organic
compounds.

II. DATA RESULTS AND

DISCUSSION

A. SOLUBILITY TEST

Sample
Cottonseed oil

Solvent Used
Distilled water

Result
- Not soluble

Ethyl alcohol

- Not soluble

Ether

- Soluble
- 2 seconds

Chloroform

- Soluble
- 5 seconds

Benzene

- Soluble
- 8 seconds

Explanation
Distilled water is not soluble in
cottonseed oil because water is
a polar substance while
cottonseed is a non-polar
substance.
Ethyl alcohol is not soluble in
cottonseed oil because ethyl
alcohol is a polar substance
while cottonseed is a non-polar
substance.
Ether is soluble in cottonseed oil
because both of them are nonpolar substances.
Chloroform is soluble in
cottonseed oil because both of
them are non-polar substances.
Benzene is soluble in cottonseed
oil because both of them are
non-polar substances.

5% HCl

- Not soluble

HCl is not soluble in cottonseed

oil because HCl is a polar
substance while cottonseed is a
non-polar substance.

5% NaOH

- Soluble

NaOH is soluble in cottonseed oil

because both of them are nonpolar substances.

- 4 seconds

DISCUSSION
Solubility test is used to determine if cottonseed oil are soluble or
insoluble in both organic and inorganic compounds. Such as water,
ethyl alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, HCl and NaOH.

B. TEST FOR
UNSATURATION

Test Solutions
Oleic Acid

Reagents Added
- Br2 in CCl4

Result
The faint orange color
appeared after 4 mins.
and 10 sec. with 20
drops.

Explanation
The result was
positive because there
was no white
precipitate formed.

Palmitic Acid

- CHCl3

Color did not

disappear

The result shows a

negative result
because it did not
react.

Color did not

disappear

The result shows a

negative result
because it did not
react.

Color did not

disappear

The result shows a

negative result
because it did not
react.

- Haus Iodine

Oleic Acid

- CHCl3
- Haus Iodine

Cottonseed Oil

- CHCl3
- Haus Iodine

DISCUSSION

C. ACROLEIN TEST

Test Solutions
Glycerol

Reagents
Added
KHSO4 (s)

Cottonseed Oil KHSO4 (s)

Result

Explanation

Burned odor

The result was

positive
because it
gave off a
pungent odor.

Pungent
irritating odor

The result was

positive
because it
gave off a
pungent odor.

DISCUSSION

D. RANCIDITY TEST

Test Solutions
Fresh coconut
oil

Reagents added Result

Phenolphtalein
-Insoluble

Explanation

- did not mix

-looks like oil
Methyl orange

-insoluble

-orange and oil

Rancid coconut
oil

pH paper

-blue litmus paper

turned to red

Phenolphtalein

-formed an orange
color

Methyl orange

- Orange but circle

pH paper

-blue litmus paper

turned to red

DISCUSSION

E. SAPONIFICATION

Test Solutions Reagents

Added

Result

Coconut oil

Formed a

gelatinous mass

10% KOH

Explanation

DISCUSSION

F. PROPERTIES OF SOAP

Name of Test

Test Solutions

Reagents Added

Result

Explanation

Salting-out

Soap solution

10% HCl

-formed a white
substance

-smells like coconut

Formation of
Fatty Acids

Soap solution

5% CaCl2

-formed into a
cloudy white
solution with
bubble on the wall
of the test tube

Insoluble Soaps

Soap solution

-cloudy solution
with white
precipitate formed

Detergent

- white precipitate
was formed in the
cloudy solution

DISCUSSION

G. LIEBERMANNBURCHARD TEST

Test Solutions

Reagent Added

Cholesterol

-2mL chloroform

Result

First, it turned to
-10 drops of acetic orange then it
changed to very
anhydride
dark blue then
-2-3 drops of
blue then green
concentrated
and lastly it
sulfuric acid
changed to blue
green.

Explanation

DISCUSSION

H. EMULSIFYING ACTION

Test Solutions Reagents

Added
2% Albumin
Cholesterol

Cholesterollecithin

Result

Explanation

-dissolved in
albumin

-formed no
layer. No
formation of
solid like fatty
acid.

DISCUSSION

ANSWERS TO
QUESTIONS

1. WHY ARE FATTY ACIDS INSOLUBLE IN

WATER?
Fatty acids consist of long, unbranched hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid
group at one end. Fatty acids made up of ten or more carbon atoms are
nearly insoluble in water.

2. EXPLAIN WHY THE CIS-FORM IS THE PREDOMINANT

CONFIGURATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS.
If the double bond is a cis bond the carbon atoms are on the same side this
causes a kink in the chain allowing different and more rigid shapes to be
formed. A trans bond has the carbon atoms on opposite sides leaving the
structure similar to the saturated form, with just a bit more rigidity. trans
fatty acids are generally a product of processing (hydrogenation) not
normally found naturally making them difficult to digest properly.

3. WHAT TYPE OF RANCIDITY OCCURS IN VEGETABLE

SHORTENINGS? HOW CAN IT BE PREVENTED?
The type of rancidity that occurs in vegetable shortenings is oxidative
rancidity. It can be prevented thru keeping it clean.

4. SHOW THE STRUCTURE OF THE

PARENT COMPOUND OF CHOLESTEROL.
O
H
CH3

CH3

5. EXPLAIN THE COOPERATIVE EFFECT OF

LECITHIN AND ALBUMIN.
Lecithin is an emulsifier consisting of a variety of ingredients, the active
components being phospholipids - these are long chain polar lipids. The
emulsifying properties of lecithin result from this combination of a polar
(hydrophilic) group attached to a non-polar (hydrophobic) lipid chain, and
means that they can help disperse an oil phase into an aqueous solution or
vice versa, creating an emulsion (oil-in-water or water-in-oil respectively).
These emulsions are not solutions, but rather are very well dispersed
micro-droplets of the secondary phase, and this explains why emulsions are
opaque rather than completely transparent (think of a vinaigrette).
Albumins are water-soluble proteins - massive polar molecules - and I
expect work by a similar mechanism.

CONCLUSION

I therefore conclude that lipids possess different properties that can

be determined through different tests or experiments. For instance,
solubility test using cottonseed as the solvent in the experiment. It
showed that lipids are insoluble in water but is soluble in organic
compounds such as in ether and alcohol. Another experiment
performed was a test to determine the unsaturation of a substance.
This test shows how unsaturated a lipid is, to show how much double
bonds it has and the more halogens it can absorb. Acrolein test is a
test used to determine the formation of acrolein which is observable
through a smell that is a pungent irritating odor. A product that was
released thru dehydration is glycerol. Rancidity test is a test that
indicates the presence of lipids. A positive test is shown if it gave off
a rancid odor which can be smelled when exposed to air at room
temperature.

-end-