Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Nu x f x*, Re x , Pr
Nu x f Re x , Pr
Mass transfer
Sh x f x*, Re x , Sc
Sh x f Re x , Sc
Two approaches
1. Experimental or empirical approach
2. Theoretical approach (solving the boundary layer
equations for a particular geometry
Nu L C Re mL Pr n
(5.1)
Ts T
2
(5.2)
Sh L C Re mL Sc n
(5.3)
Tf
h x
Nu x x 0.332 Re1x/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
k
Pr 0.6
5.0
5x
u / x
Re x
(5.4)
C f , x 0.664 Re x1 / 2
(5.5)
(5.6)
hm , x x
Sh x
0.332 Re1x/ 2 Sc1 / 3
D AB
Sc 0.6
(5.7)
C f , x 1.328 Re x1 / 2
Nu x
hx x
0.664 Re1x/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
k
Sh x
(5.8)
Pr 0.6
hm , x x
0.664 Re1x/ 2 Sc1 / 3
D AB
(5.9)
Sc 0.6
(5.10)
Nu x 0.565Pe1x/ 2
Pr 0.05
Pe x 100
(5.11)
0.3387 Re1x/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
Nu x
[1 ( 0.0468 / Pr) 2 / 3 ]1 / 4
with Nu x 2Nu x .
Pe x 100
(5.12)
C f , x 0.0592 Re x1 / 5
Nu x St Re x Pr 0.0296 Re 4x/ 5 Pr 1 / 3
Re x ,c Re x 108
(5.13)
0.6 Pr 60
0.37 x Re x1 / 5
(5.14)
(5.15)
0.6 Sc 3000
(5.16)
L
1 1xc/ 3
h
h
dx
4/ 5
L
(5.17)
Re x,c Re L 10
8
C f , L 0.074 Re L1 / 5
Re
x,c
2A
Re L
Re L 108
(5.18)
8
Re x,c Re L 10
(5.19)
Nu x
Nu x 0
[1 ( / x ) 3 / 4 ]1 / 3
(5.20)
Nu x
Nu x 0
[1 ( / x )
9 / 10 1 / 9
(5.21)
Analogous mass transfer results are obtained by replacing (Nux, Pr) with (Shx, Sc).
Nu L Nu L 0
L
[1 ( / L)( p1) /( p 2 ) ] p /( p1)
L
(5.22)
Nu x 0.453 Re1x/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
Nu x 0.0308 Re 4x/ 5 Pr 1 / 3
Pr 0.6
0.6 Pr 60
(5.23)
(5.24)
If the heat flux is known, the convection coefficient may be used to determine the
local surface temperature
qs
Ts ( x ) T
hx
q qsAs
(5.25)
1 L
qs L x
(Ts T ) (Ts T )dx
dx
L 0
L 0 kNu x
where Nux is obtained from appropriate convection correlation. From eq. (5.23)
qL
1 L
(Ts T ) (Ts T ) s
(5.26)
L 0
kNu L
Nu L 0.680 Re1L/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
(5.27)
u x
stagnation point
x
boundary layer
wake
separation point
u x
stagnation point
x
boundary layer
P
0
x
wake
separation point
P
0
x
u x
separation point
flow reversal
boundary layer
wake
v
Re D 2 10
separation
transition
separation
wake
wake
Re D 2 105
turbulent boundary layer
FD form FD friction
FD
CD
2
V
V2
Af
Af
2
2
wake
wake
Friction Drag
ReD < 2
Separation effects negligible
wake
wake
100
wake
10
wake
CD
cylinder
1
sphere
.1
10-1
10 0
101
10 2
Re D
10 3
vD
104
105
106
Re > 1x105
Two minima
Stagnation Point
Nu D 0 1.15 Re D
Overall Average
Nu D
1/ 2
Pr 1 / 3
hD
C Re mD Pr 1 / 3
k
Pr 0.6
(5.28)
Pr 0.7
(5.29)
Table 5.1
C and m from
Tables
Properties
evaluated at film
temperature
Table 5.2 Constant of Eq. 5.29 for noncircular cylinders in cross flow of a gas
hD
m
n Pr
Nu D
C Re D Pr
k
Prs
0.7 Pr 500
1/ 4
(5.30)
1 Re D 106
Pr<10 n=0.37
Pr>10 n=0.36
ReD
1 to 40
40-1000
103-2x105
2x105-106
C
0.75
0.51
0.26
0.076
m
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Table 5.3
Nu D 0.3
0.62 Re
1/ 2
D
Pr
1/ 3
1 0.4 / Pr
2/ 3
Re D
1
1/ 4
282,000
4/ 5
5/ 8
(5.31)
Nu D by Sh D and Pr by Sc.
Properties
150 35
Air T f
92.5o C 365.5o K :
2
P
1.0132 105
0.966 kg/m 3
RT ( 287)( 365.5)
W
k 0.0312 0
m K
2.14 10 5 kg/m s
Pr 0.695
Re f
Du (0.966)(0.05)(50)
5
1
.
129
10
2.14 10 5
C 0.027
m 0.805
hD
(0.027 )(1.129 105 )0.805 (0.695)1 / 3 279.3
kf
( 279.3)(0.0312)
174.3 W/m 2 o C
0.05
q
h D(Ts T ) (174.3) (0.05)(150 35) 3150 W/m
L
1/ 4
(5.32)
0.71 Pr 380
3.5 Re D 7.6 104
1 ( / s ) 3.2
24
CD
Re D
Re D 0.5
limit as Re D 0
Nu D 2 0.6 Re1D/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
Nu D 2
Air at 100 kPa and 27oC blows across a 12-mm-diameter sphere at a free
stream velocity of 4 m/s. A small heater inside the sphere maintains
the surface temperature at 77oC. Calculate the heat lost by the sphere.
Properties
Air
P 100 kPa
u 4 m/s
T 27 o C
Air T 300o K :
W
m 0 K
15.69 10 6 m 2 /s
Pr 0.708
k 0.02624
D 12 mm
Ts 77 o C
1.8462 10 5 kg/m s
Air Tw 350o K :
s 2.075 10 5 kg/m s
Re D
(4)(0.012)
3059
6
15.69 10
0.4 1.8462
(0.708)
2.075
1/ 4
31.4
h
( 31.4)(0.02624)
68.66 W/m 2 o C
0.012
Note:
Aligned
Staggered
Transverse Pitch ST
Longitudinal Pitch SL
ST
v , T
A1
D
SL
SL
SD
ST
v , T
A2
A1
A1
A2
N L 10
2000 Re D ,max 40,000
Nu D C1 Re mD ,max
ST
v , T
A1
Pr 0.7
(5.33)
Re D ,max
D
SL
vmax D
S T /D
1.25
S L /D
Aligned
1.25
1.5
2
3
Staggered
0.6
0.9
1
1.125
1.25
1.5
1.5
C1
C1
C1
C1
0.348
0.367
0.418
0.29
0.592
0.586
0.57
0.601
0.275
0.25
0.299
0.357
0.608
0.62
0.602
0.584
0.1
0.101
0.229
0.374
0.704
0.702
0.632
0.581
0.0633
0.0678
0.198
0.286
0.752
0.744
0.648
0.608
0.518
0.451
0.556
0.568
0.497
0.505
0.46
0.558
0.554
0.562
0.446
0.478
0.519
0.452
0.571
0.565
0.556
0.568
0.213
0.401
0.518
0.522
0.488
0.636
0.581
0.56
0.562
0.568
Table 5.4
Nu D 1.13C1 Re mD ,max Pr 1 / 3
(5.34)
N L 10
2000 Re D ,max 40,000
Pr 0.7
vmax D
Re D ,max
Note:
Factor Airflow by 1.13 Pr1/3
Properties evaluated at film temperature
Nu D
N L 10
C 2 Nu D
(5.35)
N L 10
Table 5.5
Correction Factor C 2
NL
Aligned
Staggered
0.64
0.68
0.8
0.75
0.87
0.83
0.9
0.89
0.92
0.92
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
Note:
Maximum velocity occurs in the plane
of the tubes
It differs for aligned or staggered tubes
ST
v , T
A1
D
SL
vmax
Mass conservation
Staggered
ST
v
ST D
(5.36)
2 S D D ST D
A2
v , T
A1
A2
vmax
ST
v
2 S D D
At A2
(5.37)
vmax
ST
v
ST D
At A1
N L 20
0.7 Pr 500
1000 Re D ,max 2 106
Table 5.6
Note:
Use Table for C and m
Properties evaluated at
inlet fluid temperature
except Prs
It differs for aligned or
staggered tubes
m
0.36 Pr
Nu D C Re D ,max Pr
Prs
1/ 4
(5.38)
m
0.36 Pr
Nu D C Re D ,max Pr
Prs
N L 20
0.7 Pr 500
1000 Re D ,max 2 106
If NL < 20
Use correction to previous relation
Nu D
N L 20
1/ 4
C 2 Nu D
N L 20
(5.39)
Table 5.7
Correction Factor C 2
NL
10
13
16
Aligned
Staggered
0.7
0.64
0.8
0.76
0.86
0.84
0.9
0.89
0.92
0.92
0.95
0.95
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
ST
0.7
SL
Ts Ti Ts To
Tlm
ln Ts Ti / Ts To
(5.40)
Ts To
DN
h
exp
Ts Ti
vN
S
c
T
T
p
(5.41)
q N h DTlm
(5.42)
2
vmax
f
P N L
2
Friction factor f
Correction factor
(5.43)
2
vmax
f
P N L
2
Friction factor f
Correction factor
10
10
SL
S
PL L
D
ST
PT
D
103
Re D ,max
106
1.0
ST
0.1
PT PL
0.1
1.0
10
PT 1 / PL 1
PL 1.25
1.5
2.0
2.5
.1
10
10 2
10 3
10 4
Re D ,max
10 5
106
2
v max
P N L
2
Friction factor f
Correction factor
PT 1.25
10
1.5
Re D ,max
SD
PT / PL
S D ST
2.0
2.5
.1
10
10 2
10 3
10 4
Re D ,max
10 5
106
Water
D 16.4 mm
Ti T 15 o C
Tw 70o C
ST 31.3 mm
S L 34.3 mm
Air
v 6 m/s
Water
D 16.4 mm
Ti T 15o C
Ts 70o C
ST 31.3 mm
S L 34.3 mm
Air T 15o C :
1.217 kg/m 3
c p 1007 J/kg K
W
m 0 K
14.82 106 m 2 /s
Pr 0.710
k 0.0253
Air Ts 70o C :
Pr 0.701
Air T f 43 C :
o
17.4 10 6 m 2 /s
W
k 0.0274 0
m K
Pr 0.705
Nu D C Re
m
D ,max
Pr
0.36
Pr
Prs
1/ 4
Since S D [ S L2 ( ST / 2) 2 ]1 / 2 37.7 mm
is greater than ( ST D ) / 2
vmax
ST
31.3 mm
v
6 m/s 12.6 m/s
ST D
(31.3 - 16.4) mm
Re D ,max
13,943
6
14.82 10
and
ST 31.3
0.91 2
S L 34.3
ST
C 0.35
SL
1/ 5
0.60
0.36 0.710
Nu D 0.95 0.34(13,943) (0.71)
0.701
h Nu D
1/ 4
k
0.0253
87.9
135.6 W/m 2 K
D
0.0164
DNh
Ts To (Ts Ti ) exp
vN
S
c
T
T
p
87.9
(0.0164)(56)(135.6)
Ts To ( 55) exp
44.5o C
(1.217 )(6)(8)(0.0313)(1007 )
Hence from Eq.5.40
Ts Ti Ts To
55 44.5
Tlm
49.6o C
ln Ts Ti / Ts To ln( 55 / 44.5)
and
f
P N L
2
(1.217 )(12.6) 2
0.35 246 N/m 2
P 7 1.04
2
Comments:
1. With properties evaluated at Tf, it is readily found that ReD,max = 11,876.
With ST/D = 2 and SL/D = 2, it follows from Tables 5.4 and 5.5 that C1 = 0.482,
m = 0.556, and C2 = 0.97. From Eqs. 5.34 and 5.35, NuD = 86.7, and h = 144.8
W/m2 K. Values of h obtained from Eqs. 5.34 and 5.38 therefore agree to
within 7%, which is well within their uncertainties.
2. Had T = Ts - Ti been used in lieu of Tlm in Eq. 5.42, the heat rate would
have been overpredicted by 11%.
j H jm 2.06 Re
0.575
D
Pr(or Sc ) 0.7
90 Re 4000
(5.44)
j H and jm are the Colburn j factors defined by j H StPr 2/3 and jm St m Sc 2/3
Note:
Properties evaluated at
arithmetic mean of the
fluid temperatures
entering and leaving the
bed
q h Ap ,t Tlm
(5.45)
From Eq. 5.40
h A p ,t
Ts To
exp
Ts Ti
VAc ,b c p
(5.46)