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Geological history of
India
Physiography of India
Indian weather: seasons
Climatic regions of India
Soils of India
Pre-Cambrian
era
India part of
Gondwana land
Pre-Cambrian era
Indian Peninsular
plate =Oldest
crustal block of India
Collision between 3
proto continents
1) Aravalli
2) Dharwad
3) Singhbhum
Pre-Cambrian era
3 lineaments
1) Narmada
2) Son
3) Godawari
Remmenants:
Aravalli R, Dharwad
plt, Singhbhum plt
Pre-Cambrian era
Geosynclines at
margins of Protocontinents:
1) Aravalli
2) Vindhyan
3) Satpura
4) Eastern Ghats
5) Bijawal
Gondwana times
Reactivation of
Narmada SonGodawari lineament
Rifting of Mahanadi
and Damodar valley
Submergence of
forest-Development
of coalfields
Gondwana times
Faulting along
western edge
of peninsular
plateau
Mesozoic time
Late Cretaceous
India move over
Reunion Islands
Hotspot volcanism
Deccan lava plateau
Narrowing of Tethys
sea
Tertiary time
Collision
between Indian
plate and
Eurasian plate
Upliftment of
Himalayas
Tertiary The
Timejerk activation
of crack created at
western margin of
peninsula
Breaking of western
part subsidence
peninsula raised at
western side
Western ghats =
horst
Tertiary time
1
2
3
3 phases of
formation of
Himalayas:
1) Great Himalayas
(Oligo-Eocene)
2) Mid-Himalayas
(Miocene)
3) Outer-Himalayas
(Pleistocene)
Tertiary time
Late
Pleistocene
formation
of Northern
plains
Sediments
from
Himalayan
rivers
Physiography of India
1
4 types of
physiographic
features:
1) Northern
mountains
2) Northern plains
3) Indian peninsular
plateau
4) Coastal India
Physiography of India
Northern
mountains
Northern plains
Peninsular plateau
Coastal plains
1) Himalayas (Nanga
parbat to Namcha
barwa)
2) Trans-Himalayas
( Karakoram,
Ladakh and
Zaskar)
3) Purvanchal
C-C plate
The Himalayas
collision
Fold mt., tertiary
young mt.,
sedimentary
rocks of marine
origin
Not a single
range but series
of chain of
mountains
Karakoram ranges
Upliftment of midHim
Still rising
1) Great Himalayas
(Himadri)
2) Middle/ lesser
Himalayas
(Himachal)
3) Shiwaliks (Outer
Himalayas)
Great Himalayas
Highest and most
continuous mountain
range of the world
Crystalline rocks
Mount Everest,
Kanchenjunga,
Makalu, Dhaulagiri,
Mansalu, Annapurna
Nanda devi, Kamet,
Gurla Mandhata
Middle Himalayas
1
2
3
4
Mid/lesser-Him
(Himachal)
discontinuities
1) Pir Panjal
2) Dhauladhar
3) Nag tibba
4) Masoorie
5) Kumaon hills
6) Mahabharat (Nepal)
Shiwaliks
Upliftment of
foothills of
Himalayas
Fluvial in origin
alluvial fans, coarse
deposits brought by
Himalayan rivers
Closer to great Him
in Nepal disappear
after river Gandak
Structure of Himalayas
1) Aravalli and Assam hills
strong push.
Middle peninsula
sagged- convex shape of
Himalayas
2) Sharply bent towards
southward - sudden end
Western bend near Nanga
parbat and eastern near
Namcha Barwa
Called syntaxial bend
Structure of Himalayas
Great Himalayas and
Shiwaliks hog-back
structure
Gentle sloping northern
face southern face
steep slope
Northern side rest
against Tibetan plt
Snow accumulation on
southern side
Antecedent
rivers
Dont as a water
divide river cut
across antecedent
rivers
Indus, Satluj,
Brahmaputra, Kosi
Rate of erosion of
rivers are higher
than rate of
upliftment of
Himalayas
Superimposed
rivers
Eastern Himalayas
Kali river to
Bramhaputra
Nepal Him (Dudwa,
Muree, Churia) NE Him
(Dafla, Miri, Abor,
Mishmi)
Higher and steepsudden slope
Eastern Himalayas
Peaks= Everest,
Makalu, Annapurna,
Dhaulagiri
Located on lower
latitude warmer
Active barrier of south
west monsoon winds
-wetter
Question
UPSC
Prelims
1995
Question
UPSC
Prelims
2010
Kashmir Kumaon
Him- PN
Him
(Indus
(Satluj
-Satluj)
-Kali)
Nepal
him
(Kali Kosi)
Sikkim Assam
Him
Him
(Kosi - (Teesta Teesta) Dihang)
West Garhwal
Kumaon Himlayas
Himalayas
East Kumaon
Himalayas
Nandadevi, Kamet,
Badrinath,
Kedarnath, Gangotri
Source of Ganga,
Yamuna
Nainital and Bhimtal
Sikkim Himalayas
Peak: Kanchenjunga
Teesta originate
near Kanchenjunga
Jelep la pass- trijunction of IndiaChina-Bhutan
Assam Himalayas
Himalayas narrower
Lesser Himalayas
Diphu pass- triclose to great
junction
of
IndiaHimalayas
China-Myanmar
Peaks: Namcha
Barwa, Kula Kangri
Bengal Duars
Question
UPSC
Prelims
2003
Duns formation
When river initially
blocked by rising mt., it
spreads out form lake
Lakes dry out when river
find weak rocks to cut
across the mt.
Dry lakes = Duns
Between great and midHim
Dehradun btw Shiwaliks
and masoorie range
Karewas
Flat-topped
terraces of
Kashmir valley
on flanks of Pir
Panjal
made up of clay,
sands from old
deltaic fans
Fertile land
Importance of Himalayas
Prevents cold Siberian wind to enter
into India
No Himalayas No Tibet No rainfallIndia would have been desert
Himalayas split STWJ into 2 branches
winter rain
Source of perennial rivers great
fertile plain
Importance of Himalayas
Question
UPSC
Prelims
2010
Question
UPSC
Prelims
2010
Question
UPSC
Prelims
2012
a)
b)
c)
d)
1 and 2
1,2 and 4
3 and 4
1,2,3 and 4
Ans. D)
Question
UPSC
Prelims
2012
Trans-Himalayas
1
2
3
Immediately north
of Great Himalayas
Most of them lie in
Tibet
1) Karakoram
2) Ladakh
3) Zaskar
4) Kailash
)Avg. elevation
3000m
Karakora Ladakh
m
K2
Rakapoks
hi
Gasherbru
m
Kaila
sh
Kailas
h
Zask
ar
Nang
a
Parba
t
Trans-Himalayas
Karakoram is
home of the
greatest glaciers
of world outside
polar regions
Watershed btwn
India and
Turkmenistan
Kashmir lie
between Zaskar
and Pir Panjal
Trans-Himalayas
Lada
kh
rang
e
Purvanchal
Eastern Himalayas
Same orogeny that
of Himalayas
Patkaibum, Naga
hills, Manipuri hills,
Mizo hills
Elevation decrease
from north to south
Purvanchal
Mt.
Patkai
bum
Naga
hills
details
Border between Arunachal Pradesh
and Myanmar
Highest peak mt. sharamati
Form water shed between India and
Myanmar
Manipuri Border between Manipur and Myanmar
hills
Source of R.Manipuri(tri.Chindwin,
Myanmar)
Mizo
Highest peak blue mt.
Purvanchal
Extension of
Purvanchal
continues in
Myanmar as
Arakan yome
then Andaman
and Nicobar
Islands
Physiography of India
Northern
mountains
Northern plains
Peninsular plateau
Coastal plains
Northern plains
2
3
Youngest
physiographic
feature in India
Depositional flood
plain created by
Himalayan rivers
1) Indus
2) Ganga-Yamuna
3) Brahmaputra
Northern Plains
One of the largest,
continuous and
extensive plains
Fertile plain- flat
topography
-historically settled
dense population
30% of the worlds
population on 10% of
worlds agro-land
Northern Plains
NS division of
Northern plains
a) Bhabhar
b) Terai
c) Bangar
d) Khadar
Terai:
N-S division of N.Plains
Bad drainage
Rivers reappears
swamps, marshy
Naturally sal
forest
Terai of Bengal
and Bihar more
developed
Bangar:
old flood plains of
rivers - Dry land
Colcareous
concretion -Kankar
Khadar new
flood plains
fresh river
deposition
Slope btw Bangar
and Khadar:
PN- Dhayas, UPKhol, Bengal
Bhils, Bihar
Taal
2
1
East-West
Northern Plains
division of plain
1) RJ plains
(Indus)
3
2) PN plains
4
(Indus)
3) Gangetic
plains
4) Assam plains
(Brahmaputra
)
RJ Plains
1
Thar
desert
Araval
li
range
West of Aravalli
North: Gangasagar (1)
region
Extension of PN plains of
Indus
West of Aravalli:
Rajasthan Bagar (2)
Drained by river Luni
Luni merged into Rann of
Kutchh
SW plains: marine
RJ Plains
1
Araval
li
range
origin
While north
movement- Indian
plates western
margin marine
transgression
marine depo. oil
and gas reserve
salt lakes
Extend to Kutchh
RJ Plains
Thar
desert
2
Araval
li
range
Deserts Tropical
in RJ desert
Off-shore trade
winds + local reason
Aravalli parallel to
SW monsoon no
orographic rain
Soil is fertile but
moisture deficiency
cultivable if
relclaimed
Punjab Plains
Fluvial plains Ravi,
Beas and Sutlej (tri.
Of Indus)
Khadar plains: fertile
but limitations
1) Aridity
2) Basin topography
(bad drainage) salination
Gangetic Plains
1
Divisions:
2
1) Upper Gangetic
plains
2) Middle
Gangetic plains
3) Lower Gangetic
plains
Gangetic Plains
Upper ganga
plains
From Yamuna
to Ghaghara
plains
Rohilkhand
plain
Sandy
deposits
Gangetic Plains
middle ganga
plains
Kosi plain
Called Magadh /
Awadh /Anga
plain
Flood-prone,
shifting of river
course of Kosi
Gangetic Plains
Lower ganga plains
Ganga enters WB
Sundarban delta
Lowland-almost
sea level
Sagar Island
Lothian Is. (N.P)
Bengal tigers
Assam Plains
Brahmaputra
Kailash
mt.
largest river of
India (volume)
Origin Mansarovar
lake- enters as
Dihang in
Arunachal Pradesh
River course
narrow- numerous
stream flow -flood
prone
Assam plains
Streams from north
swift flowing form
alluvial fans
Manas, Subansiri,
Streams from south
plt. smooth
flowing- Dibang,
Lohit, Dhansiri,
Kapilli
Physiography of India
Northern
mountains
Northern plains
Peninsular plateau
Coastal plains
Indian peninsular
plateau
1) N-C
highlands
Pre-Cambrian old
region
8 divisions:
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
S-C highlands
Eastern plateau
North Deccan
South Deccan
Western Ghats
Eastern Ghats
Meghalaya
uplands
N-C highlands
2
3
1
1) Aravalli
2) Mahabharat
Uplands
3) Madhya Bharat
Pathar
4) Bundelkhand
Aravalli range
One of the oldest mt
range
Sedimentary,
metamorphosed rocks
marble, quartzite
From Palanpur to
Delhi ridge
Source of Sabarmati,
Luni and Banas (tri.
Chmbal)
Bundelkhand
Granite, gneissic
rocks
Drought-prone low
agro-productivity
Jhansi, Gwalior,
Hamirpur
S-C highlands
2
1
1) Vindhyan range
2) Malawa plateau
3) Narmada valley
Vindhyan range
From GJ to Bihar
Rifting- southern
slope steeper
Vindhyan range
Source of many
Vindhyan
range
north flowing
rivers
Chmabal,
Sindh, Betwa
and Ken
(tributaries of
Yamuna)
Water divide of
central India
Malawa plateau
Located btwn Arvalli
and Vindhyan range
Semi arid region
Faulty agropractice- high soil
erosion gully
erosion- Chambal
badlands
Historically known
as Khandesh
Eastern plateau
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Baghelkhand
Garhjat hills,
Rajmahal hills,
3
Mahanadi1 basin,
2
6
4
Dandkarnya
5
Chotanagpur
plateau
Meghalaya Plateau
3 parts of plateau
Garo-Khasi-Jaintia
Garo (Nokrek), Khasi
(Shillong)
Mikir, Regma, Barail
ranges
Kapilli river separates
mikir, Regma & Barail
from Meghalaya plateau
Meghalaya Plateau
Rajmahal
hills
Extension of
Peninsular block
Separated from
Chhotanagpur
plateau
Down warping along
Rajmahal garo hills
= malda gap
Meghalaya Plateau
Hills are not very high
Not effective in
blocking the rain
bearing winds reach
till Arunachal Pradesh
But pass with funnel
effect heavy rainfall
in Meghalaya
But inadequate storage
water shortage
Deccan traps
India pass over
Reunion hot spot
Basaltic lava flow
Layer over layer of
lava formation
Look like steps
traps
North Deccan
1
2
Satpura range
(Rajpipla, Gawilgarh,
Mahaev, Maikal,
Amarkantak plt.)
Maharastra plateau
Satpura range
Satpura Range
Amarkantak
plateau- east of
Maikal range
4
3
Source
2 of Narmada
1
and Son (tri.
Of
Amarkanta
Betul
k plateau
Ganga)
plate
au
Betul plateau
south of Mahado
hills
source of river Tapi,
MH plateau
satma
la
Balagh
at
Harishchan
Ajant
a
MH plateau
dra
Telangana
plt
Shield crystalline
rocks
Overland by lava
flow
Northern portionVidarbha region
In south merge with
KN plateau and in
east with Telangana
plateau
South Deccan
1) KN -Dharwad plt
One of the oldest
physiographical
region
2) Telangana plateau
KN plateau
Maida
n
Malnad
plai
n
Baba
budan
hills
Banglore
plateau
Dharwad plateau
The most oldest
sedimentary rocks of
India
Ancient Dharwad
craton (shield)
metallic mineral rich
region
Shimoga, Tamkut and
Chitradurg, Chikmaglur
of KN mineral rich
Dharwad plateau
Iron and limestone
Bellary (KN) and
upto Ratnagiri (MH)
Fe ore
Kemangundi and
Kudremukh mines
(near Chikmaglur)
Western Ghats
Ajanta Satpura
Balaghat
Harishchandra
Highest peak: Anaimudi
Passes:
Thalghat Btwn
Mumbai-Nashik
Bhor ghat btwn
Mumbai -Pune
Telangana plateau
Godavar
i river
Krishna
river
Penneru
river
Benglore
plateau
Arachaean gneisses
Avg. elevation 500600m
Southern portion
higher than northern
part
North Satmala hills
South Sheshachalam
hills, Rayanseema plt
Drained by Godavari,
Krishna and Penneru
Western Ghats
More rainfall in KN
Steeper in MH,
lower and broader
in KN
KR isolated hills
rain bearing
wind pass
between gaps
Western Ghats
KN:
Gentle slope= Air
parcel can retain energy
and speed for a long
time, allowing cloud
droplets to grow and
precipitate as rainfall.
In Karnataka, mountains
are continuous. No
gaps= Clouds cant
easily escape to leeward
side.
Western Ghats
Western GhatsUNESCO world heritage
site (evergreen to
thorn)
KN-TN-KR region:
SHOLA forest
biosphere reserve
unique BD above
2000m
Stunted tropical
montane forest
Western Ghats
KN-KR-TN region:
Bandipur-WaynadMudumalai NP
TN tea-coffee
KN rubber,
coastal cashew
plantation
KR- spices
Eastern Ghats
1
3
4
5
1) Northern circas
2) Nallamalla
3) Palkonda
4) Javadi
5) Shevroy
)Highest peak:
Armakonda
Laterite soils
Eastern Ghats
Bauxite deposits:
`
1
1
2
3
4
1)
2)
3)
4)
Malaygiri
Niyamgiri
Baflai mali
Panchpat mali
)POSCO plant,
Niyamgiri
1
3
2
4
South of Western
Ghats but
geologically not part
of Western Ghats or
Eastern Ghats
1) Nilgiri,
2) Anamalai
3) Palani
4) Kardamom hills
Southern complex
Pal ghat gap
btwn Nilgir and
Javadi
Hill stations:
Nilgiri Ooty
Annamalai
Munnar
Palani hills Kodaikanal
Question
UPSC
Prelims
2005
Question
UPSC
Prelims
2005
Question
UPSC
Prelims
2008
Question
UPSC
Prelims
2005
Physiography of India
Northern
mountains
Northern plains
Peninsular plateau
Coastal plains
Coastal plains
kochi
Vembnad
lake
Periyar
river
Annamala
i hills
KR coast:
Vembnad lake
Periyar river merge
near Vembnad lake
Inner side
Ernakulam and
outward side - Kochi
Eastern Plain
Wheel
er Is.
Chilka lake
Rushikulya
river
Odisha coast:
Wheeler Is.
missile testing
Chilka lake
(biggest)
Olive ridley
turtles Ganjam
coast- (nr. Mouth
of Rushikulya
river)
Eastern plains
Koller
u lake
Pulicur lake
+Shrihariko
ta Island
Andhra coast:
Pulicut lake split
bar Shriharikota Is.
(ISRO)
Kolleru lake deltaic
lake (Goadavari and
Krishna rivers)
Eastern Plain
TN coast:
Winter rainfall
Rameshwaram
Pamban Island last
point
Dhanushkondi
Palk bay biosphere
reserve
Ramsetu issue
Physiography of India
Northern
mountains
Northern plains
Peninsular plateau
Coastal plains