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Convergence
Example (1)
The Geometric Series
ar
n 1
n 1
s
n 0
ar n 1
n 0
(1)
(2)
r 1
r 1 r 1
Thus; The sequence of the n th partial sum of the series is :
ar n
a
Tn
r 1 r 1
1. If r 1, we get :
ar n
a
a
a
lim Tn lim(
) 0(
)
n
n r 1
r 1
r 1 1 r
a
and so the series converges to
1 r
a
n 1
We write ar
; r 1
1 r
n 0
1. If r 1, we get :
lim Tn does not exist
n
Warning
Please, distinguish between :
1. The sequence Tn of the n th partial sums of the series
ar n
a
Tn
r 1 r 1
&
2. The sequence sn of the n th term of the series
sn ar n 1
Notice that :
a
1. For r 1 : lim Tn
, While lim sn lim ar n 1 0
n
n
n
r 1
2. For r 1 and a positive : lim Tn , While lim sn lim a a
n
t
nk
lim Tn
n
Questions
Check, whether the given series is convergent, and if convergent find
its sum
n2
3 n 1
2 n2
5
1. 2 n1
n 0 7
2
2. n 2
n 0 7
2
3. 3n1
n 1 3
Example (2)
Telescoping Series
Examples(1)
t
i k
So,
Tn t k t k 1 t k 2 t k 3 t n 2 t n 1 t n
( sk sk 1 ) ( sk 1 sk 2 ) ( sk 2 sk 3 ) ( sn 1 sn ) ( sn sn 1 )
sk sn 1
Thus,
Tn sk sn 1
and so if sn converges to a real number , then Tn converges to sk
Warning
Please, distinguish between :
1. The sequence Tn of the n th partial sums of the series
Tn s k s n 1
&
2. The sequence t n of the n th term of the series
tn
Notice that :
If s n converges , then :
lim Tn s k lim s n ,
n
While
lim t n 0
n
7
2
n4
n 4 n 5n 6
7
7
We have, 2
n 5n 6 (n 2)(n 3)
7
7
( show that!)
n2 n3
7
Let sn
n2
t n sn sn 1
Consider the series t n
7
s4 lim sn
2
n
n 4 n 5n 6
7
7
0
42
6
Thus
Solutions
2. Let
2
n 1 n ( n 1)
tn
n 1
we have :
2
2
2
2
tn
n(n 1) n 1 n n(n 1)
Let
2
>
n
Then t n s n s n 1
< s n > <
2
s1 lim s n 2 0 2
n
n 1 n( n 1)
Examples(2)
;nk
t
ik
So,
Tn t k t k 1 t k 2 t k 3 t n 2 t n 1 t n
( sk 1 sk ) ( sk 2 sk 1 ) ( sk 3 sk 2 ) ( sn sn 1 ) ( sn 1 sn )
sk sn 1
Thus,
Tn sn 1 sk
and so if sn converges to a real number , then Tn converges to sk
1
Consider the series t n ln(1 )
n
n 1
n 1
1
n 1
We have, ln(1 ) ln(
) ln(n 1) ln n
n
n
Let s n ln n
Then,
t n s n 1 s n
Thus the sequence Tn of the n th partial sums of the series is :
Tn s1 s n 1 0 ln(n 1) ln(n 1)
lim Tn ln(n 1)
n
Questions I
Check, whether the given series is
convergent, and if convergent find its sum
2
1.
n 1 n( n 1)
2. 2
n2 n 1
n
3.
(n 1)!
Questions II
Show that the following series is a telescoping series, and then determine
whether it is convergent
1.
n n 1)
n 1
2.
sin n
n2
H int
2 sin n sin 12 cos(n 12 ) cos(n 12 )
sin n
2 sin 12
2 sin 12
cos(
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
) cos(
) cos(
) cos(
)
2
2
2
2
1
1
2 sin 2
2 sin 2
2 sin 12
Let :
sn
2n 1
)
2
2 sin 12
cos(
then, s n 1
Thus, sin n s n 1 s n
cos(
2(n 1) 1
2n 1
) cos(
)
2
2
2 sin 12
2 sin 12
1.
n n 1)
n 1
sin n
2.
n2
H int
sin n
cos(
2 sin 12
2 sin 12
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
) cos(
) cos(
) cos(
)
2
2
2
2
2 sin 12
2 sin 12
2 sin 12
Let :
sn
2n 1
)
2
2 sin 12
cos(
then, sn 1
Thus, sin n sn 1 sn
cos(
2(n 1) 1
2n 1
) cos(
)
2
2
2 sin 12
2 sin 12
5
2. Let t n
n 1
n 1 ( n 2)( n 3)
we have :
5
5
5
5
tn
(n 2)(n 3) n 2 n 3 (n 2)(n 3)
Let
5
< s n > <
>
n2
Then t n s n s n 1
But < s n > converges to 0
Thus,
5
5
5
s1 0
0
12
12
n 1 ( n 2)( n 3)
; for some
natural number K
n K
f ( x)dx
Example (3)
The Hyperharmonic Series
(The p series )
p
n 1 n
Where p 0
1
p
n 0 n
sn
n 1
Write :
1
; n N
np
Consider the function;
f ( n) s n
1
; x [1, )
p
x
We have f is positive, continuous and decrea sin g
f ( x)
1
converges iff the improper int egral
p
n
n 0
p
n0 n
1
1 x p dx
1
1 x p dx converges
Warning
Please, distinguish between :
1
p
n 1 n
&
2. The convergence of the sequence sn
Notice that :
1
diverges
p
n 1 n
n 1
1
n
1
3
lim 3
n
1
0
n
1
of the n th term of the series
p
n
Questions
Check, whether the given series is convergent.
1.
n 1
3.
1
3
n 1
n
n
2.
n 1
4.
1
5
n 1
1. If both
n 1
and
t
n 1
are convergent
2. If
s
n 1
is convergent and
t
n 1
are divergent
1. If both
s
n 1
and
s
n 1
are divergent
Questions
7 2 n1
2
b. [ 3n2 2 ]
n
n 1 3
2. Give an example of two divergent series
s
n 1
and
t
n 1
a. a convergent series
b. a divergent series
n 1
Divergence Test
If lim sn 0
n
Then sn diverges
n 1
Notice :
If lim sn 0 , it does not follow that
n
s
n 1
converges
Questions
Check, whether the given series is convergent.
1
1 n
1. [ 3 (1 n ) ]
n 1 n
5n 2n 3
2. 8
5
n 1 3n 6n 1
1
3. n
n
n 1
Convergence Tests
s
n 1
and
t
n 1
and s n t n ; n N .
Then :
1. If
t
n 1
1. If
s
n 1
Examples
Example (1)
Investigate whether each of the following series converges
1.
3
n 1
2.
4
5
3
n 1
n8 2
4
n5 2
Solution
4
4 1
1.
8
3 5 n8 2 3 5 n8 3 n 5
n 1
3 5 n8
4 1
( because
8 and
8
5
3 n 1 5
n 1 3 n
n
and so, by the comparison test :
4
converges
n 1
1
n
n 1
3 n 2
8
5
converges
converges.
Why ?)
4 1
2.
5
5
5
8
8
3
3 n 2 3 n
n8
4
8
3 n
4 1
( because
5 and
5
8
3 n 1 8
n 1 3 n
n
and so, by the comparison test :
diverges
n 1
1
n
n 1
38 n5 2
5
8
diverges
diverges.
Why ?)
Definition
Order of Magnitude of a Series
Let
s
n 1
and
n 1
Then :
sn
is a positive number , then we say that the series
n t
n
1. If lim
s
n 1
and
t
n 1
sn
0 , then we say that the series
n t
n
2. If lim
s
n 1
t
n 1
sn
, then we say that the series
n t
n
3. If lim
s
n 1
t
n 1
Question
Are there cases, where
sn
lim
is a negative number
n t
n
Or
sn
lim
n t
n
Why not ?
s
n 1
and
t
n 1
Then :
1. If
s
n 1
and
t
n 1
2. If
s
n 1
t
n 1
3. If
s
n 1
t
n 1
the convergence of
the divergence of
s
n 1
t
n 1
s
n 1
then
t
n 1
then
Examples
5n 2n 3
1. 12
5
n 1 3n 6n 1
5n 2 n 3
2. 12
5
n 1 3n 6n 1
11
Solution
5n 7 2 n 3 3
1. Let s n 12
6n 5 1
n 1
n 1 3n
Consider the series of positive terms :
1
5
n 1
n 1 n
We have
tn
5n 7 2 n 3 3
12
5
sn
5n12 2n 8 3n 5
3
n
6
n
1
lim lim
lim
n t
n
n 3n 12 6n 5 1
1
n
n5
5
[0, )
3
5n 7 2 n 3 3
Thus 12
has the same order of magnitude as
5
3
n
6
n
1
n 1
1
the series 5 which converges ( Why ? )
n 1 n
Therefore ;
5n 7 2 n 3 3
The series of positive terms 12
converges
5
3
n
6
n
1
n 1
5n11 2n 3 3
2.
Let s n 12
6n 5 1
n 1
n 1 3n
Consider the series of positive terms :
1
n 1
n 1 n
We have
tn
5n11 2n 3 3
12
5
sn
5n12 2n 4 3n
3
n
6
n
1
lim lim
lim
n t
n
n 3n 12 6n 5 1
1
n
n
5
[0, )
3
5n11 2n 3 3
Thus 12
has the same order of magnitude as
5
3
n
6
n
1
n 1
1
the series which diverges ( Why ? )
n 1 n
Therefore ;
5n11 2n 3 3
The series of positive terms 12
diverges
5
3
n
6
n
1
n 1
s
n 1
Then :
s n 1
1. If lim
1 then
n s
n
s
n 1
converges
s
2. If lim n 1 1 or , then
n s
n
s
n 1
diverges
Examples
n
1.
n 1 n!
(3n)
2. n
n 1 5
n
3. n
n 1 5
s
n 1
Then :
1. If lim n s n 1 then
n
s
n 1
2. If lim n s n 1 or
n
converges
then
s
n 1
diverges
Examples
2n 3
1.
n 1 5n 2
2.
n 1 ln 2n 5
Definition
Alternating Series
An alternating series is a series of of either of the
following forms
n
(
1
)
sn
n1
Or
n1
(
1
)
sn
n1
where sn is a
Let t n (1) sn or
n 1
n 1
where sn is a
t (1)
n 1
n 1
n 1
sn
Then t n converges
n 1
Example
Consider the series
s (1)
n 1
n 1
1
n
We have :
1
sn
is a decrea sin g sequence of positive terms
n
1
and lim sn lim
n
n
n
Therefore;
(1)
n 1
1
converges by the alternating series convergence test
n
Definition
Absolute and Conditional Convergence
if
s
n 1
converges.
if it converges , but
s
n 1
diverges
Example (1)
Consider the series
s (1)
n 1
n 1
1
n
(1)
n 1
1
converges
n
1
1
n
(1)
diverges
why ?
n n 1
n
n 1
and so the series converges conditionally
Example (2)
Consider the series
sin 2n
s n (1)
n3
n 1
n 1
We have :
n
sin 2n
1
s n (1)
3
3
n
n
n
sin 2n
and so the series (1)
converges (Why ?)
3
n
n 1
sin 2n
Thus the series (1)
converges absolutely
3
n
n 1
n
s
n 1
converges absolutely
s n 1
2. If lim
1 or , then
n s
n
s
n 1
diverges
Examples:
Investigate the absolute convergence of
the following series
(2n 1)!
2. (1)
n!
n 1
n
5
1. (1) n
n!
n 1
3.
(1)
n 5 cos(3n)
n9
n 1 ( 2n 1)!
5. (1)
(n 1)!
n 1
n 1
4.
5n
n 1
73 n 4 6
n 1
(
1
)
Example (1)
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
Example (2)
1
2
n 1 1 n
Solution :
Let f ( x)
1
1 x2
We have :
f is positive (Why ?), decreasing (Why ?) and continuous on [1,)
and sn f (n) ; n 1
&
The improper integral I
1
1 1 x 2 dx converges (Show that!)
1
converges
2
1
n
n 1
the series sn
n 1
f ( x) dx
Example (3)
1
3
n 2 n ln n
Solution :
Let f ( x)
1
x ln 2 x
We have :
f is positive (Why ?), decreasing (Why ?) and continuous on [2,)
and s n f (n) ; n 2
We will show that
1
converges by showing that
3
n
ln
n
n2
1
2 x ln 3 x dx converges
we have :
1
1
dx
3
dx
dx
ln
x
lim
2 x ln 3 x lim
3
x
t 2 x ln x
t 2
lim [
t
1
1
1
1
]
2
t lim
2
ln 2 x
ln 2 2 ln 2 2
ln t