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Measurement
Quantitative
Measurement
The process of assigning numbers to objects in such a
way that specific properties of the objects are faithfully
represented by specific properties of the numbers.
Psychological tests do not attempt to measure the total
person, but only a specific set of attributes.
Measurement (cont.)
Measurement is used to capture some construct
- For example, if research is needed on the construct of
depression, it is likely that some systematic
measurement tool will be needed to assess depression.
Measurement
Measurement--defined as application of
rules to assign numbers to objects (or
attributes).
Individual Differences
The cornerstone of psychological measurement that there are real, relatively stable differences
between people.
This means that people differ in measurable ways
in their behavior and that the differences persist
over a sufficiently long time.
Researchers are interested in assigning
individuals numbers that will reflect their
differences.
Psychological tests are designed to measure
specific attributes, not the whole person.
These differences may be large or small.
Scales of measurement
Nominal Scale
Example:
Country of Origin
1 = United States
3 = Canada
2 = Mexico
4 = Other
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Ordinal Scales
Example:
finishing place in a race (first place, second place)
1st place
1 hour
2 hours
3 hours
4 hours
4th place
5 hours
6 hours
7 hours
8 hours
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For example - heart beats per minute has a very natural zero
point. Zero means no heart beats. Weight (in grams) is also a
ratio variable. Again, the zero value is meaningful, zero grams
means the absence of weight.
Example:
the number of intimate relationships a person has had
0 quite literally means none
a person who has had 4 relationships has had twice as
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many as someone who has had 2
Types of scales
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b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
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b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
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b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d)Ratio
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b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
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b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
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b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
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b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
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b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
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Why Statistics?
Statistics are important because they give us a method for
answering questions about meaning of those numbers.
Three statistical concepts are central to psychological
measurement:
Variability - measure of the extent to which test scores differ.
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Variability
There are four major measures of variability:
1. Range - difference between the highest and lowest scores
For Example: If the highest score was 60 & lowest was 40 = range of 20
Variability (continued)
Standard Deviation
Standard deviation is
a measure of spread
Answer: meanx
x
n
4 6 6 7 9 10
6
42
=7
6
kg
Variance is the
average square
distance from
the mean
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Answer: meanx
Method 1
Variance
Variance is the
average square
distance from
the mean
4 6 6 7 9 10
6
42
=7
6
kg
( x )2
n
( 4 7 ) 2 ( 6 7 ) 2 ( 6 7 ) 2 ( 7 7 ) 2 ( 9 7 ) 2 (10 7 ) 2
6
2
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Question:
Answer: meanx
Method 1
Variance
Variance is the
average square
distance from
the mean
4 6 6 7 9 10
6
42
=7
6
kg
( x )2
n
( 4 7 ) 2 ( 6 7 ) 2 ( 6 7 ) 2 ( 7 7 ) 2 ( 9 7 ) 2 (10 7 ) 2
6
24
( 3) 2 ( 1) 2 ( 1) 2 ( 0 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( 3) 2
2
= 4
6
6
kg2
2
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Question:
Answer: meanx
x
n
Method 1
Variance
4 6 6 7 9 10
6
42
=7
6
kg
( x )2
n
( 4 7 ) 2 ( 6 7 ) 2 ( 6 7 ) 2 ( 7 7 ) 2 ( 9 7 ) 2 (10 7 ) 2
6
24
( 3) 2 ( 1) 2 ( 1) 2 ( 0 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( 3) 2
2
= 4
6
6
kg2
2
standard deviation
=
var iance
4 =2
k
g
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Variability
Variability is the foundation of psychological testing.
Relational/Correlational Research
Relational Research
Attempts to determine how two or more variables are related to
each other.
Is used in situations where a researcher is interested in
determining whether the values of one variable increase (or
decrease) as values of another variable increase. Correlation does
NOT imply causation!
For example, a researcher might be wondering whether there is a
relationship between number of hours studied and exam grades.
The interest is in whether exam grades increase as number of study
hours increase.
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Correlation
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Scatter Plots
An easy way to examine the data given is by scatter plot. When we plot the
points from the given set of data onto a rectangular coordinate system, we have a
scatter plot.
Is often employed to identify potential associations between two variables, where
one may be considered to be an explanatory variable (such as years of education)
and another may be considered a response variable
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Prediction
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Prediction/Linear Regression
Linear
Coefficients of Determination
By squaring the correlation coefficient, you get the amount of variance
accounted for between the two data sets. This is called the coefficient of
determination.
A correlation of .90 would represent 81% of the variance between the two sets
of data (.90 X .90 = .81)
A perfect correlation of 1.00 represents 100% of the variance. If you know
one variable, you can predict the other variable 100% of the time
(1.00 X 1.00 = 1.00)
A correlation of .30 represents only 9% of the variance, strongly suggesting
that other factors are involved (.30 X .30 = .09)
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Factor Analysis
Is a statistical technique used to analyze patterns of
correlations among different measures.
The principal goal of factor analysis is to reduce the
numbers of dimensions needed to describe data derived
from a large number of data.
It is accomplished by a series of mathematical calculations,
designed to extract patterns of intercorrelations among a
set of variables.
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