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Anthrax
Clostridial diseases
Clostridium spp.
Clostridium spp.
Endospores
Resistant to:
Heat
Disinfectants
Clostridium spp.
Soil (found on just about all
environmental surfaces)
Fecal matter of humans and
animals
Aquatic sediments
Singlet oxygen
Superoxide free radicals
Clostridium perfringens
C. perfringens produces a huge array of invasins
and exotoxins, causes wound and surgical
infections that lead to gas gangrene, in
addition to severe uterine infections.
Clostridial hemolysins and extracellular enzymes
such as proteases, lipases, collagenase and
hyaluronidase, contribute to the invasive process
C. perfringens also produces an enterotoxin and
is an important cause of food poisoning.
Usually C. perfringens and C. botulinum is
encountered in improperly sterilized (canned)
foods in which endospores have germinated
Clostridium difficile
Pseudomembranous colitis in humans
is caused by overgrowth ofClostridium
difficile in the colon, usually after the
normal flora has been disturbed by
antimicrobial chemotherapy.
C. difficile produces two toxins: Toxin A is
referred to as an enterotoxin because it
causes fluid accumulation in the bowel
Toxin B is an extremely lethal (cytopathic)
toxin.
Clostridium tetani
Superoxide Dismutase
(SOD)
Catalase
Clostridium spp. lacks these
enzymes
Clostridium spp.
C. tetani
C. botulinum
C. perfringens
C. difficile
Clostridium tetani
Drumstick appearance
Clostridial diseases
Tetanus
Botulism
Gas gangrene
Foodborne gastroenteritis
Pseudomembrane colitis
TETANUS
Localized infection, caused
by a C.tetani toxin
General muscle spasmsdue to neurotoxin
TETANUS (cont.)
Trauma (often trivial)
Chronic skin ulcers
Umbilical cord (clay matter
ritual in Africa)
Abortion (unsanitary
abortions)
TETANUS (cont.)
TETANUS (cont.)
Spores in wound
Infection and/or tissue
necrosis
Low O2 tension
Spore germination
TETANOSPASMIN
TETANOSPASMIN (cont.)
Once it attaches to
nerves, therapy is usually
ineffective
TREATMENT OF TETANUS
Removal of necrotized
(death) tissue
Antibiotics
Human
immunoglobulins
TETANUS VACCINE
Toxin
Toxoid
Enzyme
-S-SActive
Inactive
FOODBORNE BOTULISM
A non-infectious food
poisoning
C. botulinum neurotoxin
in contaminated food
34 cases in 1994 (USA)
BOTULIN TOXIN
Definitive Diagnosis
only establish with toxin identification:
Isolation of toxigenic cultures and
identification of the involved type C or
D toxin with the aid of serum
neutralization in mice or guinea-pigs.
Toxin detection in clinical samples
collected for laboratory analysis
(intestinal contents)
BOTULISM PREVENTION
Preservation of foods at pH below
4.7
Salt (brine) and sugar
Nitrites in cured foods (remember
the nitrites/nitrates in hot dogs,
cured ham, processed meats)
Boiling food 10 min
INFANT BOTULISM
WOUND BOTULISM
C. botulinum develops in
grossly contaminated wounds
19 cases in 1995
Very common with black tar
heroine users/skin popping
What is Blepharospasm?
Blepharo means "eyelid". Spasm
means "uncontrolled muscle
contraction".
The term blepharospasm can be
applied to any abnormal blinking or
eyelid tic or twitch resulting from any
cause, ranging from dry eyes to
Tourette's syndrome to tardive
dyskinesia.
What is Strabismus?
GAS GANGRENE
GAS GANGRENE
Gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens
Dirt in wound
Long delay before wound care
Induced abortion
Predisposing factors:
Arteriosclerosis
Diabetes
Gas
gangrene
in arm
Gas gangrene
in foot
Gas
gangrene
in foot
TREATMENT
Amputation
Hyperbaric O2
Antibiotics
Anthrax
Anthrax
Caused by Bacillus anthracis (aerobic;G+;
endospore former)
commonly found in the soil (South and Central
America, Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia,
Africa, Caribbean and the Middle East)
primary disease of domesticated and wild
animals-particularly herbivores
humans become infected when they come into
contact with diseased animals (flesh, bones,
hides, hair and excrement)
Robert Koch
Koch was a doctor and he had a detailed
knowledge of the human body something
that Pasteur, as a research scientist lacked.
He was also skilled in experiments, the result
of his work in natural sciences
Qualities that also proved to be important
were his ability to work for long periods of
time and his patience
However, Koch was also difficult to work with
and could not tolerate anyone telling him
that his theories were wrong
Robert Koch
Anthrax vaccine--Pasteur
Gram Stain-Gram
Positive
Robert
Kochs
Photos
Three forms:
Cutaneous-Most common form
acquired through a cut or abrasion of the
skin, which comes into contact with spores
from the soil or a contaminated animal
Inhalation acquired by the inhalation of sporecontaining dust where animal hair or hides
are handled
Intestinal- (Speculated)
consumption of contaminated meat
Cutaneous Anthrax
Treatment:
Antibiotics
Effective if given within 24 hours, or before
the bacteria enter the bloodstream
Penicillin, Tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones
(Cipro)
Vaccine
protective antigen (composed of a fraction
of the toxin)
95% protective
*No evidence of person-to-person transmission
Biological Warfare