Electrical Machine & Power

System

An Overview of Power System

Chapter outline
Introduction
Power system components
- Generation, transmission, distribution
Power system loads
- Types of load, load demand, demand
curve
Power system in Malaysia
- Energy generation company
- IPP, co-generator
- National Grid System

Introduction
Power System

Support Components

Measurement &
Monitoring System

Generation

Transmission

Protection System

Distribution

Main Components

Load

Power System
Components
At power generating station (generating
voltage) 11 20kV and frequency of 50
Hz
Transform to higher voltage (transmission
voltage) 132kV, 275kV and 500kV
Transform to lower voltage (distribution
voltage) 33kV or 11kV

Power System
Components
Generation

Power Station
Step-up transformer ( voltage,current)

Main Intake/Large
Sub-Station

Grid System (500kV, 275kV, 132kV, 66kV)

TNB
SESCO

Reduce the voltage

Sub-Station 33kV,11kV

SESB

Sub-Station

Transmission

Sub-station

Sub-station

Rural Transformer

Industrial:
Factory, Industries

Commercial:
Towns, Offices

Residential

3 phase - 415 V, single phase - 240 V

Distribution

Loads

Power System
Components

Power System
Components
AROUND TOWN &
RESIDENTIAL AREA Underground distribution to
individual premises is at
415V and 240 V

HOUSE - Overhead
distribution
to individual houses is at 240V.

SMALL INDUSTRY Most small factories

receive their electricity at
11kV

HEAVY INDUSTRY - Some have

direct connections to the
transmission at 132kV

POWER STATION- Generator

output at 11kV/20kV is stepped up
by transformer to 132kV 275kV
and 500kV for transmission.

TRANSMISSION - Transmission is mainly

at 132kV, 275kV and 500kV

 Power System
Components
(Generation)
High voltages of 500kV, 275kV, 132kV are
used for transmitting electricity over the grid
system

Power System
Components (Generation)
Generation Plant Mix

Power System
Components (Generation)
Combustion Turbine Power Plant

Power System
Components (Generation)
Coal-fired Power Plant
-near a river/lake bcoz large quantities of cooling water are

needed to condense the steam as it exhaust from the turbines

Power System
Components (Generation)
Hydroelectric
Power Plant

Sultan Mahmud Power Station, Kenyir

Power System
Components (Generation)
Bakun Dam:
Under construction

Power System
Components (Generation)
TNB Power Stations

Power System Components

(Transmission)

A transformer in a large sub-station

reduces the voltage to 33kV, 22kV,11kV

Power System Components

(Transmission)
Lines/transformers operating at voltages
above 100 kV are usually called the
transmission system.
Consists of Transmission Line and Substations
Transmission network of 500kV, 275kV
and 132kV known as National Grid.

Power System Components

(Transmission)

Transmission Line
Overhead Lines
Cable
Underground Cables
Submarine Cables

Sub-stations

Power System Components

(Transmission)
Transmission Parameters
OVERHEAD LINE
Length
(circuit-km)

500kV
275kV
132kV
66kV

CABLE
Length
(circuit-km)

275kV
132kV
66kV

500kV
275kV
132kV
66kV

SUBSTATIONS
Number of
Substations
(TNB)

890
6,199
9,998
171

(723)

TRANSFORMERS
Transformation
Capacity
(MVA)

(17,258)

49
674
-

(69,381)
4,500
26,213
38,258
410

(375)
500kV
275kV
132kV
66kV

4
67
299
5

Power System Components

(Transmission)
Transmission tower

Waist-Type
Tower

Double Circuit
Tower

Guyed-V-Tower

Power System Components

(Transmission)
Transmission tower

Power System Components

(Transmission)

Power System Components

(Transmission)
Overhead Line Conductors

Overhead Line
Conductors

Power System Components

(Transmission)
Sub-station
Size of substation
Depends on transformer size
Typical sizes
132kV; 2 x 30MVA, 3 x 45MVA, 2 x 90MVA
275kV; 2 x 180MVA, 3 x 180MVA, 2 x 240MVA
Types of Sub-station
Conventional outdoor
Require bigger space
GIS (gas insulated switchgear)
Less space
Outdoor or indoor

Power System Components

(Transmission)
Outdoor Sub-station

Power System Components

(Transmission)
GIS

Power System Components

(Transmission)
Sub-station Components

Transformer
Circuit Breaker / Switch Gear
Isolator Switches
Busbar
Protection Relay & Control Equipment

Power System Components

(Transmission)
Power Transformer

Power System Components

(Transmission)
Circuit Breaker
Spark gap. In event of
a lightning strike on the
line, the current can
jump the gap between
that ball and the
protrusion on the tank,
and make a path to
earth. This prevents
overloading the
breaker.

Power System Components

(Transmission)
Circuit Breaker

Power System Components

(Transmission)
Insulators

Power System Components

(Distribution)
Supplies to rural
communities are
often reduced from
11kV to domestic
voltages (415/240V)
by pole mounted
transformers.

Power System Components

(Distribution)

Lines/transformers operating at voltages

below 100 kV are usually called the
distribution system.
Part of the electric utility system between
the bulk power source and the customer
service entrances (loads).
33kV, 22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV, 415V and 240V

Power System Components

(Distribution)
Distribution Sub-station
Distribution Intakes (33kV, 22kV)
Distribution Substations (22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV)

Indoor substation
Outdoor substation
Pole mounted substation
Compact substation
Underground substation

Transformer capacity
100kVA, 300kVA, 500kVA, 750kVA and 1000kVA

Power System Components

(Distribution)
Distribution Intake

Power System Components

(Distribution)
Indoor Sub-station

Power System Components

(Distribution)
Underground Sub-station

Power System Components

(Distribution)
Compact Sub-station

Power System Components

(Distribution)
Outdoor Sub-station

Power System Components

(Distribution)
Pole-Mounted Sub-station

Power System Loads

Types of Load:
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Public Transportation
Public Lighting
etc.

Power System Loads

Residential Load
Consist of lighting, radio, TV, refrigerator, kitchen
appliances, washing machine and etc.
Usually, increases in the evening around 6 p.m. and
return to a nominal value around 12 p.m.
Commercial Load
Consists of lighting, air-condition and small appliances.
Shops, business premises, schools, universities etc.
The load is fairly constant from 9am until 9pm with the
exception of any mid-day break.

Power System Loads

Industrial Load
Mainly consists of motor load, air conditioner,
lighting, welding and furnaces etc.
It can be divided into small, medium and large
category.
The nature of industrial load curve depends on
the number of shifts worked in the industry.

Electricity Consumers

Power System Loads

Electricity energy cannot be stored.
Generate electricity based on demand.
Total power drawn by consumer fluctuates
depends on the time of day and seasons.
Demand Curve
Plot each demand of electricity by consumer
daily/annually

Power System Loads

Demand Curve

Power System Loads

Load Duration Curve

3 types of load
Base load
Has to be fed 100% of the time.

Intermediate loads
Have to be fed <100% of the time.

Peak load
May occur 0.1% of the time.

Power System Loads

Load Duration Curve

Plot the duration of each demand on annual based.

100% : 8760hrs

Power System Loads

Load Duration Curve
Base-power stations
Deliver full power at all times
Nuclear, coal-fired stations
Intermediate-power stations
Respond relatively quickly to changes in demand
Usually by adding/removing generating unit
Hydropower stations
Peak-power stations
Deliver power for brief intervals during the day
Put into service very quickly
Equipped with prime movers that can be started up in a few
minutes
Diesel, pumped-storage turbines, gas turbines etc.

Power System in Malaysia

Main Power Producer in Malaysia
TNB

Co-Generator

SESCO
Power
Producer

IPP

SESB

Power System in Malaysia

Generation capacity of major power producer

Power System in Malaysia

Independent Power Producer (IPP)
Privately owned power producer.
After privatization (1990) 18 IPP (long term
power purchase agreement)
Generates and sell power to TNB.
Upload onto the National Grid.

Power System in Malaysia

Independent Power Producer (IPP)
Example
YTL Generation Sdn. Bhd.
Paka, Pasir Gudang

Malakoff Berhad
Lumut Power Station, Segari
Prai Power Station, Butterworth
Tanjung Bin Power Station, Johor

Genting Sanyen Power Sdn. Bhd.

Kuala Langat Power Station

Power System in Malaysia

Co-Generator
Minor electricity supply
There are several small distributors buy
electricity from the utilities or generate their
own power, mostly by co-generation.
Then, distribute to customers within specific
areas such as industrial complexes.

Power System in Malaysia

Co-Generator
Example 1 : Petronas Gas Sdn Bhd
Generate electricity Co-generator
Distribute power within two Integrated Petrochemical
Complexes (IPC)
Central Utilities Facilities (CUF) in Gebeng & Kerteh
Example 2 : KKIP Power Sdn Bhd
Purchase power from SESB
Distribute power within Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park

Power System in Malaysia

National Grid System

primary electricity transmission network linking the electricity

generation, transmission, distribution and consumption in Malaysia
operated and owned by TNB
more than 420 substation in Peninsular Malaysia are linked together
by the extensive network of transmission lines operating at 132kV,
275kV and 500kV
Power generated by TNB and IPP is carried by the National Grid
towards customers connected to the various distribution networks
electrically interconnected to the transmission network of the
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) and also to
Singapore Power

Power System in Malaysia

National Grid
System

Power System in Malaysia

National Grid
System (main)

Power System in Malaysia

Power System in Malaysia

Power System in Malaysia

National Grid Interconnection
TNB EGAT

- HVAC 132kV/115kV overhead lines interconnection

between Bukit Ketri (TNB) and Sadao (EGAT) 80MW
HVDC 300kV interconnection overhead lines between
Gurun (TNB) and Ban Khlong Ngae (EGAT) 300MW
TNB SINGAPORE POWER
- HVAC 275kV/230kV submarine cables interconnection
between Pasir Gudang (TNB) and Senoko (Singapore
Power) 200MW

Objectives of TNB-EGAT HVDC

Project
Peak lopping; TNB imports during TNBs peak
load (morning) and export during lower demand
(evening)
Sharing of spinning reserves; both TNB and
EGAT reduce their respective spinning reserve
Economic power exchange; TNB may export if its
price is lower than EGAT and vice versa
Help each other during system
emergencies/crisis

Power System in Malaysia

Advantages of national grid system
Provide multiple paths between various
generation sources and loads
Provide for power transfers from one geographic
area to another to achieve overall system
operating economics
Interconnect the bulk power facilities of individual
power station/utilities so that they can better
withstand major disturbances

Power System in Malaysia

Other advantages:
Stability
Load sharing
Continuity of service
Maintenance, breakdown
Economy
Cheap & efficient

Power System in Malaysia

National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC)
Located in Bangsar, KL
Objectives:
Grid system requires a grid controller/operator
system.
In order to ensure the supply of energy is safe
and reliable.

Power System in Malaysia

NLDC Function
Maintains system stability
Frequency control
Voltage within limits
Achieve minimum operating cost
Optimize transmission losses
Merit order generation
maintain spinning reserve requirements
co-ordinate generation and transmission maintenance
outages
Restoration of supply after system fault

Future ASEAN Power

Supply Interconnection